FAA Airman Certification Standards - Instrument Rating Airplane (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Instrument Rating – Airplane

Airman Certification StandardsFAA-S-ACS-8C

Flight Standards Service

Washington, DC 20591

November 2023

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)iForeword

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Safety Standards,

Regulatory Support Division, Airman Testing Standards Branch, has published the Instrument Rating – Airplane

Airman Certification Standards (ACS) to communicate the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and flight

proficiency standards for the Instrument Rating in the airplane category.

This ACS is available for download, in PDF format, from www.faa.gov .

Comments regarding this ACS may be emailed to acsptsinquiries@faa.gov .

The FAA created FAA-G-ACS-2, Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots, to provide guidance

considered relevant and useful to the community. The number of appendices in the ACS was reduced and much

of the non-regulatory material was moved to the Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots.

Applicants, instructors, and evaluators should consult this companion guide to familiarize themselves with ACS

procedures. FAA-G-ACS-2 is available for download, in PDF format, from www.faa.gov .

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)iiRevision History

Document # Description Date

FAA-S-8081-4EInstrument Rating Practical Test Standards for Airplane, Helicopter, and

Powered Lift (with Changes 1-5)January 2010

FAA-S-ACS-8 Instrument Rating Airplane Airman Certification Standards June 1, 2016

FAA-S-ACS-8 Instrument Rating Airplane Airman Certification Standards (Change 1) June 15, 2016

FAA-S-ACS-8A Instrument Rating – Airplane Airman Certification Standards June 12, 2017

FAA-S-ACS-8B Instrument Rating – Airplane Airman Certification Standards June 11, 2018

FAA-S-ACS-8BInstrument Rating – Airplane Airman Certification Standards (with

Change 1)June 6, 2019

FAA-S-ACS-8C Instrument Rating – Airplane Airman Certification Standards November 2023

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)iiiMajor Enhancements to FAA-S-ACS-8C

• The following ACS codes have been added:

IR.I.B.K2a

IR.I.B.K2b

IR.I.B.K2c

IR.I.B.K2d

IR.I.B.K2e

IR.I.B.K2f

IR.I.B.K2g

IR.I.C.K1a

IR.I.C.K1b

IR.I.C.K1cIR.I.C.K1d

IR.I.C.K1e

IR.I.C.K1f

IR.I.C.K1g

IR.I.C.K1h

IR.II.A.K2

IR.II.A.R3

IR.II.A.S2

IR.II.B.K3

IR.II.B.S2IR.III.B.S3a

R.IV.B.K3

IR.IV.B.K4

IR.IV.B.R4

IR.IV.B.R5

IR.IV.B.R6

IR.IV.B.R7

IR.IV.B.R8

IR.IV.B.R9

IR.IV.B.S2IR.V.A.S10

IR.VI.A.S15

IR.VI.B.S17

IR.VI.E.K3

IR.VI.E.R4

IR.VII.A.S5

IR.VII.B.R6

IR.VII.C.S14

• The following ACS codes have been removed and archived. Please see the Airman Certification Standards

Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) for more information.

IR.IV.B.R2

IR.VII.C.R2

• Non-regulatory material has been moved from the appendices to the Airman Certification Standards Companion

Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2).

• Legends have been added to the Additional Ratings Task Tables.

iv

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)Introduction

Airman Certification Standards Concept ..................................................................................................... 1

Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation

Task A. Pilot Qualifications ......................................................................................................................... 2

Task B. Weather Information ...................................................................................................................... 2

Task C. Cross-Country Flight Planning ....................................................................................................... 4

Area of Operation II. Preflight Procedures

Task A. Aircraft Systems Related to Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Operations .......................................... 6

Task B. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment ................................................................... 6

Task C. Instrument Flight Deck Check ....................................................................................................... 7

Area of Operation III. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Clearances and Procedures

Task A. Compliance with Air Traffic Control Clearances ............................................................................. 8

Task B. Holding Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 8

Area of Operation IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments

Task A. Instrument Flight .......................................................................................................................... 10

Task B. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes ....................................................................................... 10

Area of Operation V. Navigation Systems

Task A. Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems and DME Arcs ................................................. 12

Task B. Departure, En Route, and Arrival Operations .............................................................................. 13

Area of Operation VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Task A. Non-precision Approach ............................................................................................................... 14

Task B. Precision Approach ...................................................................................................................... 15

Task C. Missed Approach ......................................................................................................................... 16

Task D. Circling Approach ........................................................................................................................ 17

Task E. Landing from an Instrument Approach ......................................................................................... 18

Area of Operation VII. Emergency Operations

Task A. Loss of Communications .............................................................................................................. 20

Task B. One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) during Straight-and-Level Flight and Turns (AMEL, AMES) 20

Task C. Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) ....... 21

Task D. Approach with Loss of Primary Flight Instrument Indicators ........................................................ 22Table of Contents

vTable of Contents

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation VIII. Postflight Procedures

Task A. Checking Instruments and Equipment ......................................................................................... 24

Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes

Eligibility Requirements for an Instrument Rating ...................................................................................... 25

Use of the ACS During a Practical Test ..................................................................................................... 25

Combined Private/Instrument Test ............................................................................................................ 26

Instructor Responsibilities .......................................................................................................................... 26

Evaluator Responsibilities ......................................................................................................................... 26

Possible Outcomes of the Test .................................................................................................................. 27

Time Limit and Credit after a Discontinued Practical Test ......................................................................... 28

Additional Rating Task Table ...................................................................................................................... 28

Addition of an Airplane Rating to an Existing Instrument Rating Certificate .............................................. 29

Instrument Proficiency Check .................................................................................................................... 29

Appendix 2: Safety of Flight

General .................................................................................................................................................... 31

Stall and Spin Awareness .......................................................................................................................... 31

Use of Checklists ....................................................................................................................................... 31

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls ......................................................................................................... 31

Use of Distractions .................................................................................................................................... 31

Aeronautical Decision-Making, Risk Management, Crew Resource Management, and Single-Pilot

Resource Management ............................................................................................................... 31

Multiengine Considerations ....................................................................................................................... 32

Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations

Aircraft Requirements & Limitations .......................................................................................................... 33

Equipment Requirements & Limitations .................................................................................................... 33

Use of Flight Simulation Training Devices (FSTD) .................................................................................... 33

Credit for Pilot Time in an FSTD ................................................................................................................ 33

Use of Aviation Training Devices (ATD) ..................................................................................................... 33

Credit for Pilot Time in an ATD ................................................................................................................... 33

Operational Requirements, Limitations, & Task Information ...................................................................... 34

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)Introduction

Airman Certification Standards Concept

The goal of the airman certification process is to ensure the applicant possesses the knowledge, ability to

manage risks, and skill consistent with the privileges of the certificate or rating being exercised, in order to act

as pilot-in-command (PIC).

Safe operations in today’s National Airspace System (NAS) require the integration of aeronautical knowledge,

risk management, and flight proficiency standards. To accomplish these goals, the FAA drew upon the expertise

of organizations and individuals across the aviation and training community to develop the ACS. The ACS

integrates the elements of knowledge, risk management, and skill required for each airman certificate or rating.

It thus forms a more comprehensive standard for what an applicant must know, consider, and do to demonstrate

proficiency to pass the tests required for issuance of the applicable airman certificate or rating.

2Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation

Task A. Pilot Qualifications

eferences: R 14 CFR part 61; AC 68-1; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

requirements to act as pilot-in-command under instrument flight rules.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.I.A.K1 Certification requirements, recency of experience, and recordkeeping.

IR.I.A.K2 Privileges and limitations.

IR.I.A.K3 Part 68 BasicMed privileges and limitations.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.I.A.R1 Proficiency versus currency.

IR.I.A.R2 Personal minimums.

IR.I.A.R3 Fitness for flight and physiological factors that might affect the pilot’s ability to fly under instrument

conditions.

IR.I.A.R4 Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.I.A.S1 Apply requirements to act as pilot-in-command (PIC) under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) in a scenario

given by the evaluator.

Task B. Weather Information

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91, AC 91-92; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25, FAA-H-8083-28

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

obtaining, understanding, and applying weather information for a flight under IFR.

ote: N If K2 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements.

ote: N If K3 is selected, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s knowledge of at least three sub-elements.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.I.B.K1 Sources of weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes.

IR.I.B.K2 Acceptable weather products and resources required for preflight planning, current and forecast

weather for departure, en route, and arrival phases of flight such as:

IR.I.B.K2a a. Airport Observations (METAR and SPECI) and Pilot Observations (PIREP)

IR.I.B.K2b b. Surface Analysis Chart, Ceiling and Visibility Chart (CVA)

IR.I.B.K2c c. Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)

IR.I.B.K2d d. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA)

3Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.I.B.K2e e. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)

IR.I.B.K2f f. Convective Outlook (AC)

IR.I.B.K2g g. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories including Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET),

Significant Meteorological Information (SIGMET), and Convective SIGMET

IR.I.B.K3 Meteorology applicable to the departure, en route, alternate, and destination for flights conducted

under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) to include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as:

IR.I.B.K3a a. Atmospheric composition and stability

IR.I.B.K3b b. Wind (e.g., windshear, mountain wave, factors affecting wind, etc.)

IR.I.B.K3c c. Temperature and heat exchange

IR.I.B.K3d d. Moisture/precipitation

IR.I.B.K3e e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts

IR.I.B.K3f f. Clouds

IR.I.B.K3g g. Turbulence

IR.I.B.K3h h. Thunderstorms and microbursts

IR.I.B.K3i i. Icing and freezing level information

IR.I.B.K3j j. Fog/mist

IR.I.B.K3k k. Frost

IR.I.B.K3l l. Obstructions to visibility (e.g., smoke, haze, volcanic ash, etc.)

IR.I.B.K4 Flight deck instrument displays of digital weather and aeronautical information.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.I.B.R1 Making the go/no-go and continue/divert decisions, including:

IR.I.B.R1a a. Circumstances that would make diversion prudent

IR.I.B.R1b b. Personal weather minimums

IR.I.B.R1c c. Hazardous weather conditions, including known or forecast icing or turbulence aloft

IR.I.B.R2 Use and limitations of:

IR.I.B.R2a a. Installed onboard weather equipment

IR.I.B.R2b b. Aviation weather reports and forecasts

IR.I.B.R2c c. Inflight weather resources

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.I.B.S1 Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather briefing.

IR.I.B.S2 Analyze the implications of at least three of the conditions listed in K3a through K3l, using actual

weather or weather conditions provided by the evaluator.

IR.I.B.S3 Correlate weather information to make a go/no-go decision.

4Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.I.B.S4 Determine whether an alternate airport is required, and, if required, whether the selected alternate

airport meets regulatory requirements.

Task C. Cross-Country Flight Planning

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AIM; Chart Supplements; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15,

FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; IFR Enroute Charts; NOTAMS; IFR Navigation Charts

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

planning an IFR cross-country and filing an IFR flight plan.

ote: N Preparation, presentation, and explanation of a computer-generated flight plan is an acceptable option.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.I.C.K1 Route planning, including consideration of:

IR.I.C.K1a a. Available navigational facilities

IR.I.C.K1b b. Special use airspace

IR.I.C.K1c c. Preferred routes

IR.I.C.K1d d. Primary and alternate airports

IR.I.C.K1e e. Enroute charts

IR.I.C.K1f f. Chart Supplements

IR.I.C.K1g g. NOTAMS

IR.I.C.K1h h. Terminal Procedures Publications (TPP)

IR.I.C.K2 Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of airplane, IFR cruising

altitudes, effect of wind, and oxygen requirements.

IR.I.C.K3 Calculating:

IR.I.C.K3a a. Time, climb and descent rates, course, distance, heading, true airspeed, and groundspeed

IR.I.C.K3b b. Estimated time of arrival, including conversion to universal coordinated time (UTC)

IR.I.C.K3c c. Fuel requirements, including reserve

IR.I.C.K4 Elements of an IFR flight plan.

IR.I.C.K5 Procedures for activating and closing an IFR flight plan in controlled and uncontrolled airspace.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.I.C.R1 Pilot.

IR.I.C.R2 Aircraft.

IR.I.C.R3 Environment (e.g., weather, airports, airspace, terrain, obstacles).

IR.I.C.R4 External pressures.

IR.I.C.R5 Limitations of air traffic control (ATC) services.

IR.I.C.R6 Limitations of electronic planning applications and programs.

5Area of Operation I. Preflight Preparation

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.I.C.R7 Fuel planning.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.I.C.S1 Prepare, present, and explain a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator including a risk

analysis based on real time weather, which includes calculating time en route and fuel considering

factors such as power settings, operating altitude, wind, fuel reserve requirements, and weight and

balance requirements.

IR.I.C.S2 Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator.

IR.I.C.S3 Create a navigation plan and simulate filing an IFR flight plan.

IR.I.C.S4 Interpret departure, arrival, en route, and approach procedures with reference to appropriate and

current charts.

IR.I.C.S5 Recognize simulated wing contamination due to airframe icing and demonstrate knowledge of the

adverse effects of airframe icing during pre-takeoff, takeoff, cruise, and landing phases of flight as well

as the corrective actions.

IR.I.C.S6 Apply pertinent information from appropriate and current aeronautical charts, Chart Supplements;

Notices to Air Missions (NOTAMs) relative to airport, runway and taxiway closures; and other flight

publications.

6Area of Operation II. Preflight Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation II. Preflight Procedures

Task A. Aircraft Systems Related to Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Operations

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AC 91-74; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

anti-icing or deicing systems, and other systems related to IFR flight.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.II.A.K1 The general operational characteristics and limitations of applicable anti-icing and deicing systems,

including airframe, propeller, intake, fuel, and pitot-static systems.

IR.II.A.K2 Flight control systems.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.II.A.R1 Operations in icing conditions.

IR.II.A.R2 Limitations of anti-icing and deicing systems.

IR.II.A.R3 Use of automated systems in instrument conditions.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.II.A.S1 Demonstrate familiarity with anti- or de-icing procedures or information published by the manufacturer

specific to the aircraft used on the practical test.

IR.II.A.S2 Demonstrate familiarity with the automatic flight control system (AFCS) procedures or information

published by the manufacturer specific to the aircraft used on the practical test, if applicable.

Task B. Aircraft Flight Instruments and Navigation Equipment

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AC 90-100, AC 90-105, AC 90-107, AC 91-78, AC 91.21-1; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2,

FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

managing instruments appropriate for an IFR flight.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.II.B.K1 Operation of the aircraft’s applicable flight instrument system(s), including:

IR.II.B.K1a a. Pitot-static instrument system and associated instruments

IR.II.B.K1b b. Gyroscopic/electric/vacuum instrument system and associated instruments

IR.II.B.K1c c. Electrical systems, electronic flight instrument displays [primary flight display (PFD), multi-

function display (MFD)], transponder and automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast

(ADS-B)

IR.II.B.K1d d. Magnetic compass

IR.II.B.K2 Operation of the aircraft’s applicable navigation system(s), including:

IR.II.B.K2a a. Very high frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR), distance measuring equipment

(DME), instrument landing system (ILS), marker beacon receiver/indicators

7Area of Operation II. Preflight Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.II.B.K2b b. Area navigation (RNAV), global positioning system (GPS), Wide Area Augmentation System

(WAAS), flight management system (FMS), autopilot

IR.II.B.K3 Use of an electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.II.B.R1 Monitoring and management of automated systems.

IR.II.B.R2 Difference between approved and non-approved navigation devices.

IR.II.B.R3 Modes of flight and navigation instruments, including failure conditions.

IR.II.B.R4 Use of an electronic flight bag.

IR.II.B.R5 Use of navigation databases.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.II.B.S1 Operate and manage installed instruments and navigation equipment.

IR.II.B.S2 Operate and manage an applicant supplied electronic flight bag (EFB), if used.

Task C. Instrument Flight Deck Check

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AC 91.21-1; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

conducting a preflight check on the aircraft’s instruments necessary for an IFR flight.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.II.C.K1 Purpose of performing an instrument flight deck check and how to detect possible defects.

IR.II.C.K2 IFR airworthiness, including aircraft inspection requirements and required equipment for IFR flight.

IR.II.C.K3 Required procedures, documentation, and limitations of flying with inoperative equipment.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.II.C.R1 Operating with inoperative equipment.

IR.II.C.R2 Operating with outdated navigation publications or databases.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.II.C.S1 Perform preflight inspection by following the checklist appropriate to the aircraft and determine if the

aircraft is in a condition for safe instrument flight.

8Area of Operation III. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Clearances and Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation III. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Clearances and Procedures

Task A. Compliance with Air Traffic Control Clearances

eferences: R 14 CFR parts 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

ATC clearances and procedures while operating solely by reference to instruments.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.III.A.K1 Elements and procedures related to ATC clearances and pilot/controller responsibilities for departure,

en route, and arrival phases of flight, including clearance void times.

IR.III.A.K2 Pilot-in-Command (PIC) emergency authority.

IR.III.A.K3 Lost communication procedures and procedures for flights outside of radar environments.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.III.A.R1 Less than full understanding of an ATC clearance.

IR.III.A.R2 Inappropriate, incomplete, or incorrect ATC clearances.

IR.III.A.R3 ATC clearance inconsistent with aircraft performance or navigation capability.

IR.III.A.R4 ATC clearance intended for other aircraft with similar call signs.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.III.A.S1 Correctly copy, read back, interpret, and comply with simulated or actual ATC clearances in a timely

manner using standard phraseology as provided in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).

IR.III.A.S2 Correctly set communication frequencies, navigation systems (identifying when appropriate), and

transponder codes in compliance with the ATC clearance.

IR.III.A.S3 Use the current and appropriate paper or electronic navigation publications.

IR.III.A.S4 Intercept all courses, radials, and bearings appropriate to the procedure, route, or clearance in a timely

manner.

IR.III.A.S5 Maintain the applicable airspeed ±10 knots, headings ±10°, altitude ±100 feet; track a course, radial, or

bearing within ¾-scale deflection of the course deviation indicator (CDI).

IR.III.A.S6 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

IR.III.A.S7 Perform the appropriate checklist items relative to the phase of flight.

Task B. Holding Procedures

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

holding procedures solely by reference to instruments.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

9Area of Operation III. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Clearances and Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.III.B.K1 Elements related to holding procedures, including reporting criteria, appropriate speeds, and

recommended entry procedures for standard, nonstandard, published, and non-published holding

patterns.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.III.B.R1 Recalculating fuel reserves if assigned an unanticipated expect further clearance (EFC) time.

IR.III.B.R2 Scenarios and circumstances that could result in minimum fuel or the need to declare an emergency.

IR.III.B.R3 Scenarios that could lead to holding, including deteriorating weather at the planned destination.

IR.III.B.R4 Holding entry and wind correction while holding.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.III.B.S1 Use an entry procedure appropriate for a standard, nonstandard, published, or non-published holding

pattern.

IR.III.B.S2 Change to the holding airspeed appropriate for the altitude when 3 minutes or less from, but prior to

arriving at, the holding fix and set appropriate power as needed for fuel conservation.

IR.III.B.S3 Recognize arrival at the holding fix and promptly initiate entry into the holding pattern.

IR.III.B.S3a a. Comply with the holding pattern leg length and other restrictions, if applicable, associated with

the holding pattern

IR.III.B.S4 Maintain airspeed ±10 knots, altitude ±100 feet, selected headings within ±10°, and track a selected

course, radial, or bearing within ¾-scale deflection of the course deviation indicator (CDI).

IR.III.B.S5 Use proper wind correction procedures to maintain the desired pattern and to arrive over the fix as

close as possible to a specified time.

IR.III.B.S6 Use a multi-function display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor

position in relation to the desired flightpath during holding.

IR.III.B.S7 Comply with ATC reporting requirements and restrictions associated with the holding pattern.

IR.III.B.S8 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

10Area of Operation IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments

Task A. Instrument Flight

eferences: R FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

performing basic flight maneuvers solely by reference to instruments.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.IV.A.K1 Elements related to attitude instrument flying during straight-and-level flight, climbs, turns, and

descents while conducting various instrument flight procedures.

IR.IV.A.K2 Interpretation, operation, and limitations of pitch, bank, and power instruments.

IR.IV.A.K3 Normal and abnormal instrument indications and operations.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.IV.A.R1 Situations that can affect physiology and degrade instrument cross-check.

IR.IV.A.R2 Spatial disorientation and optical illusions.

IR.IV.A.R3 Flying unfamiliar aircraft or operating with unfamiliar flight display systems and avionics.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.IV.A.S1 Maintain altitude ±100 feet during level flight, selected headings ±10°, airspeed ±10 knots, and bank

angles ±5° during turns.

IR.IV.A.S2 Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and apply the appropriate pitch, bank, power,

and trim corrections when applicable.

Task B. Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes

eferences: R FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

recovering from unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.IV.B.K1 Procedures for recovery from unusual attitudes in flight.

IR.IV.B.K2 Prevention of unusual attitudes, including flight causal, physiological, and environmental factors, and

system and equipment failures.

IR.IV.B.K3 Procedures available to safely regain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) after flight into

inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions or unintended instrument meteorological conditions

(IIMC)/(UIMC).

IR.IV.B.K4 Appropriate use of automation, if applicable.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

11Area of Operation IV. Flight by Reference to Instruments

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.IV.B.R1 Situations that could lead to loss of control in-flight (LOC-I) or unusual attitudes in-flight (e.g., stress,

task saturation, inadequate instrument scan distractions, and spatial disorientation).

IR.IV.B.R2 [Archived]

IR.IV.B.R3 Operating envelope considerations.

IR.IV.B.R4 Interpreting flight instruments.

IR.IV.B.R5 Assessment of the unusual attitude.

IR.IV.B.R6 Control input errors, inducing undesired aircraft attitudes.

IR.IV.B.R7 Control application solely by reference to instruments.

IR.IV.B.R8 Collision hazards.

IR.IV.B.R9 Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.IV.B.S1 Use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation to identify an unusual attitude (including both

nose-high and nose-low) in flight, and apply the appropriate flight control, power input, and aircraft

configuration in the correct sequence, to return to a stabilized level flight attitude.

IR.IV.B.S2 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

12Area of Operation V. Navigation Systems

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation V. Navigation Systems

Task A. Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems and DME Arcs

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25;

POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

intercepting and tracking navigation aids and arcs solely by reference to instruments.

ote: N The evaluator should reference the manufacturer’s equipment supplement(s) as necessary for

appropriate limitations, procedures, etc.

ote: N See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information

related to this Task.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.V.A.K1 Ground-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, and regulations),

including procedures for intercepting and tracking courses and arcs.

IR.V.A.K2 Satellite-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, tests, regulations,

interference, appropriate use of databases, Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM), and

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)), including procedures for intercepting and tracking courses

and arcs.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.V.A.R1 Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.

IR.V.A.R2 Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

IR.V.A.R3 Limitations of the navigation system in use.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.V.A.S1 Tune and identify the navigation facility/program the navigation system and verify system accuracy as

appropriate for the equipment installed in the aircraft.

IR.V.A.S2 Determine aircraft position relative to the navigational facility or waypoint.

IR.V.A.S3 Set and orient to the course to be intercepted.

IR.V.A.S4 Intercept the specified course at appropriate angle, inbound to or outbound from a navigational facility

or waypoint.

IR.V.A.S5 Maintain airspeed ±10 knots, altitude ±100 feet, and selected headings ±5°.

IR.V.A.S6 Apply proper correction to maintain a course, allowing no more than ¾-scale deflection of the course

deviation indicator (CDI). If a distance measuring equipment (DME) arc is selected, maintain that arc

±1 nautical mile.

IR.V.A.S7 Recognize navigational system or facility failure, and when required, report the failure to air traffic

control (ATC).

IR.V.A.S8 Use a multi-function display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor

position, track wind drift, and to maintain situational awareness.

IR.V.A.S9 At the discretion of the evaluator, use the autopilot to make appropriate course intercepts, if installed.

IR.V.A.S10 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

13Area of Operation V. Navigation Systems

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Task B. Departure, En Route, and Arrival Operations

eferences: R 14 CFR parts 91, 97; AC 90-100, AC 90-105, AC 91-74; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3,

FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

IFR departure, en route, and arrival operations solely by reference to instruments.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.V.B.K1 Elements related to ATC routes, including departure procedures (DPs) and associated climb gradients;

standard terminal arrival (STAR) procedures and associated constraints.

IR.V.B.K2 Pilot/controller responsibilities, communication procedures, and ATC services available to pilots.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.V.B.R1 ATC communications and compliance with published procedures.

IR.V.B.R2 Limitations of traffic avoidance equipment.

IR.V.B.R3 Responsibility to use "see and avoid" techniques when possible.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.V.B.S1 Select, identify (as necessary) and use the appropriate communication and navigation facilities

associated with the proposed flight.

IR.V.B.S2 Perform the appropriate checklist items relative to the phase of flight.

IR.V.B.S3 Use the current and appropriate paper or electronic navigation publications.

IR.V.B.S4 Establish two-way communications with the proper controlling agency, use proper phraseology, and

comply in a timely manner with all ATC instructions and airspace restrictions.

IR.V.B.S5 Intercept all courses, radials, and bearings appropriate to the procedure, route, or clearance in a timely

manner.

IR.V.B.S6 Comply with all applicable charted procedures.

IR.V.B.S7 Maintain airspeed ±10 knots, altitude ±100 feet, and selected headings ±10°, and apply proper

correction to maintain a course allowing no more than ¾-scale deflection of the course deviation

indicator (CDI).

IR.V.B.S8 Update/interpret weather in flight.

IR.V.B.S9 Use displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, as applicable to maintain situational

awareness.

IR.V.B.S10 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

14Area of Operation VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Task A. Non-precision Approach

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AC 120-108; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16,

FAA-H-8083-25; Terminal Procedures Publications

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

performing non-precision approach procedures solely by reference to instruments.

ote: N See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information

related to this Task.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.VI.A.K1 Procedures and limitations associated with a non-precision approach, including the differences

between Localizer Performance (LP) and Lateral Navigation (LNAV) approach guidance.

IR.VI.A.K2 Navigation system indications and annunciations expected during an area navigation (RNAV)

approach.

IR.VI.A.K3 Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems used for a non-precision approach.

IR.VI.A.K4 A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VI.A.R1 Deviating from the assigned approach procedure.

IR.VI.A.R2 Selecting a navigation frequency.

IR.VI.A.R3 Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.

IR.VI.A.R4 Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.

IR.VI.A.R5 An unstable approach, including excessive descent rates.

IR.VI.A.R6 Deteriorating weather conditions on approach.

IR.VI.A.R7 Operating below the minimum descent altitude (MDA) without proper visual references.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VI.A.S1 Accomplish the non-precision instrument approaches selected by the evaluator.

IR.VI.A.S2 Establish two-way communications with air traffic control (ATC) appropriate for the phase of flight or

approach segment, and use proper communication phraseology.

IR.VI.A.S3 Select, tune, identify, and confirm the operational status of navigation equipment to be used for the

approach.

IR.VI.A.S4 Comply with all clearances issued by ATC or the evaluator.

IR.VI.A.S5 Recognize if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or inoperative, and take appropriate action.

IR.VI.A.S6 Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance.

IR.VI.A.S7 Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

15Area of Operation VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.VI.A.S8 Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering meteorological and operating

conditions.

IR.VI.A.S9 Maintain altitude ±100 feet, selected heading ±10°, airspeed ±10 knots, no more than ¾ scale CDI

deflection, and accurately track radials, courses, or bearings, prior to beginning the final approach

segment.

IR.VI.A.S10 Adjust the published MDA and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category, as appropriate, for

factors that include Notices of Air Missions (NOTAMs), inoperative aircraft or navigation equipment, or

inoperative visual aids associated with the landing environment, etc.

IR.VI.A.S11 Establish a stabilized descent to the appropriate altitude.

IR.VI.A.S12 For the final approach segment, maintain no more than ¾ scale CDI deflection, airspeed ±10 knots,

and altitude, if applicable, above MDA +100/-0 feet to the Visual Descent Point (VDP) or missed

approach point (MAP).

IR.VI.A.S13 Assess if the required visual references are available, and either initiate the missed approach

procedure or continue for landing.

IR.VI.A.S14 Use a multi-function display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor

position, track wind drift, and to maintain situational awareness.

IR.VI.A.S15 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Task B. Precision Approach

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AC 90-105, AC 90-107; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15,

FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; Terminal Procedures Publications

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

performing precision approach procedures solely by reference to instruments.

ote: N See Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations for information

related to this Task.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.VI.B.K1 Procedures and limitations associated with a precision approach, including determining required

descent rates and adjusting minimums in the case of inoperative equipment.

IR.VI.B.K2 Navigation system displays, annunciations, and modes of operation.

IR.VI.B.K3 Ground-based and satellite-based navigation systems (orientation, course determination, equipment,

tests and regulations, interference, appropriate use of navigation data, signal integrity).

IR.VI.B.K4 A stabilized approach, including energy management concepts.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VI.B.R1 Deviating from the assigned approach procedure.

IR.VI.B.R2 Selecting a navigation frequency.

IR.VI.B.R3 Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.

IR.VI.B.R4 Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.

IR.VI.B.R5 An unstable approach, including excessive descent rates.

16Area of Operation VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.VI.B.R6 Deteriorating weather conditions on approach.

IR.VI.B.R7 Continuing to descend below the Decision Altitude (DA)/Decision Height (DH) when the required visual

references are not visible.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VI.B.S1 Accomplish the precision instrument approach(es) selected by the evaluator.

IR.VI.B.S2 Establish two-way communications with air traffic control (ATC) appropriate for the phase of flight or

approach segment, and use proper communication phraseology.

IR.VI.B.S3 Select, tune, identify, and confirm the operational status of navigation equipment to be used for the

approach.

IR.VI.B.S4 Comply with all clearances issued by ATC or the evaluator.

IR.VI.B.S5 Recognize if any flight instrumentation is inaccurate or inoperative, and take appropriate action.

IR.VI.B.S6 Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance.

IR.VI.B.S7 Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

IR.VI.B.S8 Establish the appropriate aircraft configuration and airspeed considering meteorological and operating

conditions.

IR.VI.B.S9 Maintain altitude ±100 feet, selected heading ±10°, airspeed ±10 knots, no more than ¾ scale CDI

deflection, and accurately track radials, courses, or bearings, prior to beginning the final approach

segment.

IR.VI.B.S10 Adjust the published DA/DH and visibility criteria for the aircraft approach category, as appropriate,

to account for NOTAMS, inoperative aircraft or navigation equipment, or inoperative visual aids

associated with the landing environment.

IR.VI.B.S11 Establish a predetermined rate of descent at the point where vertical guidance begins, which

approximates that required for the aircraft to follow the vertical guidance.

IR.VI.B.S12 Maintain a stabilized final approach from the final approach fix (FAF) to DA/DH allowing no more

than ¾-scale deflection of either the vertical or lateral guidance indications, and maintain the desired

airspeed ±10 knots.

IR.VI.B.S13 Immediately initiate the missed approach procedure when at the DA/DH, and the required visual

references for the runway are not unmistakably visible and identifiable.

IR.VI.B.S14 Transition to a normal landing approach (missed approach for seaplanes) only when the airplane is in

a position from which a descent to a landing on the runway can be made at a normal rate of descent

using normal maneuvering.

IR.VI.B.S15 Maintain a stabilized visual flight path from the DA/DH to the runway aiming point where a normal

landing may be accomplished within the touchdown zone.

IR.VI.B.S16 Use a multi-function display (MFD) and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor

position, track wind drift, and to maintain situational awareness.

IR.VI.B.S17 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Task C. Missed Approach

eferences: R 14 CFR parts 91, 97; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16,

FAA-H-8083-25; Terminal Procedures Publications

17Area of Operation VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

performing a missed approach procedure solely by reference to instruments.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.VI.C.K1 Elements related to missed approach procedures and limitations associated with standard instrument

approaches, including while using a flight management system (FMS) or autopilot, if equipped.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VI.C.R1 Deviations from prescribed procedures or ATC instructions.

IR.VI.C.R2 Holding, diverting, or electing to fly the approach again.

IR.VI.C.R3 Aircraft configuration during an approach and missed approach.

IR.VI.C.R4 Factors that might lead to executing a missed approach procedure before the MAP or to a go-around

below DA, DH, or MDA, as applicable.

IR.VI.C.R5 Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VI.C.S1 Promptly initiate the missed approach procedure and report it to ATC.

IR.VI.C.S2 Apply the appropriate power setting for the flight condition and establish a pitch attitude necessary to

obtain the desired performance.

IR.VI.C.S3 Configure the airplane in accordance with airplane manufacturer’s instructions, establish a positive

rate of climb, and accelerate to the appropriate airspeed, ±10 knots.

IR.VI.C.S4 Follow the recommended checklist items appropriate to the missed approach/go-around procedure.

IR.VI.C.S5 Comply with the published or alternate missed approach procedure.

IR.VI.C.S6 Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance, restriction, or climb gradient.

IR.VI.C.S7 Maintain the recommended airspeed ±10 knots; heading, course, or bearing ±10°; and altitude(s) ±100

feet during the missed approach procedure.

IR.VI.C.S8 Use an MFD and other graphical navigation displays, if installed, to monitor position and track to help

navigate the missed approach.

IR.VI.C.S9 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

IR.VI.C.S10 Request ATC clearance to attempt another approach, proceed to the alternate airport, holding fix, or

other clearance limit, as appropriate, or as directed by the evaluator.

Task D. Circling Approach

eferences: R 14 CFR parts 91, 97; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16,

FAA-H-8083-25; Terminal Procedures Publications

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

performing a circling approach procedure.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

18Area of Operation VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.VI.D.K1 Elements related to circling approach procedures and limitations, including approach categories and

related airspeed restrictions.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VI.D.R1 Prescribed circling approach procedures.

IR.VI.D.R2 Executing a circling approach at night or with marginal visibility.

IR.VI.D.R3 Losing visual contact with an identifiable part of the airport.

IR.VI.D.R4 Management of automated navigation and autoflight systems.

IR.VI.D.R5 Management of altitude, airspeed, or distance while circling.

IR.VI.D.R6 Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

IR.VI.D.R7 Executing a missed approach after the MAP while circling.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VI.D.S1 Comply with the circling approach procedure considering turbulence, windshear, and the maneuvering

capability and approach category of the aircraft.

IR.VI.D.S2 Confirm the direction of traffic and adhere to all restrictions and instructions issued by ATC or the

evaluator.

IR.VI.D.S3 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

IR.VI.D.S4 Establish the approach and landing configuration. Maintain a stabilized approach and a descent rate

that ensures arrival at the MDA, or the preselected circling altitude above the MDA, prior to the missed

approach point.

IR.VI.D.S5 Maintain airspeed ±10 knots, desired heading/track ±10°, and altitude +100/-0 feet until descending

below the MDA or the preselected circling altitude above the MDA.

IR.VI.D.S6 Visually maneuver to a base or downwind leg appropriate for the landing runway and environmental

conditions.

IR.VI.D.S7 If a missed approach occurs, turn in the appropriate direction using the correct procedure and

appropriately configure the airplane.

IR.VI.D.S8 If landing, initiate a stabilized descent. Touch down on the first one-third of the selected runway without

excessive maneuvering, without exceeding the normal operating limits of the airplane, and without

exceeding 30° of bank.

Task E. Landing from an Instrument Approach

eferences: R 14 CFR parts 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25;

POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

performing procedures for a landing from an instrument approach.

ote: N For non-amphibious seaplanes, this task applies only when the applicant has immediate access to an

instrument approach to a waterway.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

19Area of Operation VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.VI.E.K1 Elements related to the pilot’s responsibilities, and the environmental, operational, and meteorological

factors that affect landing from a straight-in or circling approach.

IR.VI.E.K2 Airport signs, markings, and lighting, including approach lighting systems.

IR.VI.E.K3 Appropriate landing profiles and aircraft configurations.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VI.E.R1 Attempting to land from an unstable approach.

IR.VI.E.R2 Flying below the glidepath.

IR.VI.E.R3 Transitioning from instrument to visual references for landing.

IR.VI.E.R4 Aircraft configuration for landing.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VI.E.S1 Transition at the DA/DH, MDA, or visual descent point (VDP) to a visual flight condition, allowing for

safe visual maneuvering and a normal landing.

IR.VI.E.S2 Adhere to all ATC or evaluator advisories, such as NOTAMs, windshear, wake turbulence, runway

surface, and other operational considerations.

IR.VI.E.S3 Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

IR.VI.E.S4 Maintain positive airplane control throughout the landing maneuver.

IR.VI.E.S5 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

20Area of Operation VII. Emergency Operations

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation VII. Emergency Operations

Task A. Loss of Communications

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; AIM; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

loss of communications while operating solely by reference to instruments.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.VII.A.K1 Procedures to follow in the event of lost communication during various phases of flight, including

techniques for reestablishing communications, when it is acceptable to deviate from an instrument

flight rules (IFR) clearance, and when to begin an approach at the destination.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VII.A.R1 Possible reasons for loss of communication.

IR.VII.A.R2 Deviation from procedures for lost communications.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VII.A.S1 Recognize a simulated loss of communication.

IR.VII.A.S2 Simulate actions to re-establish communication.

IR.VII.A.S3 Determine whether to continue to flight plan destination or deviate.

IR.VII.A.S4 Determine appropriate time to begin an approach.

IR.VII.A.S5 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Task B. One Engine Inoperative (Simulated) during Straight-and-Level Flight and Turns (AMEL, AMES)

eferences: R FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

flight solely by reference to instruments with one engine inoperative.

ote: N See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.VII.B.K1 Procedures used if engine failure occurs during straight-and-level flight and turns while on instruments.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VII.B.R1 Identification of the inoperative engine.

IR.VII.B.R2 Inability to climb or maintain altitude with an inoperative engine.

IR.VII.B.R3 Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

IR.VII.B.R4 Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

IR.VII.B.R5 Fuel management during single-engine operation.

21Area of Operation VII. Emergency Operations

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.VII.B.R6 Configuring the aircraft.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VII.B.S1 Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.

IR.VII.B.S2 Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate

feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the

inoperative engine).

IR.VII.B.S3 Establish the best engine-inoperative airspeed and trim the airplane.

IR.VII.B.S4 Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to

maintain best performance, and trim as required.

IR.VII.B.S5 Verify the prescribed checklist procedures used for securing the inoperative engine.

IR.VII.B.S6 Attempt to determine and resolve the reason for the engine failure.

IR.VII.B.S7 Monitor engine functions and make necessary adjustments.

IR.VII.B.S8 Maintain the specified altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and

the specified heading ±10°.

IR.VII.B.S9 Assess the aircraft’s performance capability and decide an appropriate action to ensure a safe landing.

IR.VII.B.S10 Maintain control and fly within the aircraft’s operating limitations.

IR.VII.B.S11 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Task C. Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/

AFM; Terminal Procedures Publications

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated

with executing a published instrument approach solely by reference to instruments with one engine

inoperative.

ote: N See Appendix 2: Safety of Flight and Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements &

Limitations for information related to this Task.

ote: N For non-amphibious seaplanes, this task applies only when the applicant has immediate access to an

instrument approach to a waterway.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.VII.C.K1 Instrument approach procedures with one engine inoperative.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VII.C.R1 Potential engine failure during approach and landing.

IR.VII.C.R2 [Archived]

IR.VII.C.R3 Configuring the airplane.

IR.VII.C.R4 Low altitude maneuvering, including stall, spin, or controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).

22Area of Operation VII. Emergency Operations

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.VII.C.R5 Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

IR.VII.C.R6 Performing a go-around/rejected landing with an engine failure.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VII.C.S1 Promptly recognize an engine failure and maintain positive aircraft control.

IR.VII.C.S2 Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine, and simulate

feathering of the propeller on the inoperative engine (evaluator should then establish zero thrust on the

inoperative engine).

IR.VII.C.S3 Use flight controls in the proper combination as recommended by the manufacturer, or as required to

maintain best performance, and trim as required.

IR.VII.C.S4 Follow the manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures and complete the appropriate

checklist.

IR.VII.C.S5 Monitor the operating engine and aircraft systems and make adjustments as necessary.

IR.VII.C.S6 Request and follow an actual or a simulated air traffic control (ATC) clearance for an instrument

approach.

IR.VII.C.S7 Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink rate if applicable, airspeed ±10 knots, and selected

heading ±10°.

IR.VII.C.S8 Establish a rate of descent that ensures arrival at the minimum descent altitude (MDA) or decision

altitude (DA)/decision height (DH) with the airplane in a position from which a descent to a landing on

the intended runway can be made, either straight in or circling as appropriate.

IR.VII.C.S9 On final approach segment, maintain vertical (as applicable) and lateral guidance within ¾-scale

deflection.

IR.VII.C.S10 Maintain control and fly within the aircraft’s operating limitations.

IR.VII.C.S11 Comply with the published criteria for the aircraft approach category if circling.

IR.VII.C.S12 Execute a landing.

IR.VII.C.S13 Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

IR.VII.C.S14 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

Task D. Approach with Loss of Primary Flight Instrument Indicators

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-15, FAA-H-8083-16, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/

AFM; Terminal Procedures Publications

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated

with performing an approach solely by reference to instruments with the loss of primary flight control

instruments.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.VII.D.K1 Recognizing if primary flight instruments are inaccurate or inoperative, and advising ATC or the

evaluator.

IR.VII.D.K2 Possible failure modes of primary instruments and how to correct or minimize the effect of the loss.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

23Area of Operation VII. Emergency Operations

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

IR.VII.D.R1 Use of secondary flight displays when primary displays have failed.

IR.VII.D.R2 Maintaining aircraft control.

IR.VII.D.R3 Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VII.D.S1 Advise ATC or the evaluator if unable to comply with a clearance.

IR.VII.D.S2 Complete a non-precision instrument approach without the use of the primary flight instruments using

the skill elements of the non-precision approach Task (see Area of Operation VI, Task A).

IR.VII.D.S3 Use single-pilot resource management (SRM) or crew resource management (CRM), as appropriate.

24Area of Operation VIII. Postflight Procedures

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Area of Operation VIII. Postflight Procedures

Task A. Checking Instruments and Equipment

eferences: R 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

checking flight instruments and equipment during postflight.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

IR.VIII.A.K1 Procedures for documenting in-flight/postflight discrepancies.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

IR.VIII.A.R1 Performance and documentation of postflight inspection and aircraft discrepancies.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

IR.VIII.A.S1 Conduct a postflight inspection and document discrepancies and servicing requirements, if any.

25Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes

Eligibility Requirements for an Instrument Rating

The prerequisite requirements and general eligibility for a practical test and the specific requirements for the issuance of an

Instrument Rating – Airplane can be found in 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.39(a) and 61.65.

If an applicant holds both single-engine and multiengine class ratings on a pilot certificate and takes the instrument rating

practical test in a single-engine airplane, the certificate issued must bear the limitation “Multiengine Limited to VFR Only.”

If the applicant takes the test in a multiengine airplane, the instrument privileges will be automatically conferred for the

airplane single-engine rating.

In accordance with 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.39, and 61.65(a)(7), the applicant must pass the airman knowledge test

before taking the practical test, if applicable to the certificate or rating sought. Applicants who hold an instrument rating are

not required to take an additional instrument knowledge test.

The knowledge test corresponding to this ACS appears in the table below.

Test

Code Test NameNumber of

Questions AgeAllotted

TimePassing

Score

IRA Instrument Rating - Airplane 60 15 2.5 70

Use of the ACS During a Practical Test

The practical test is conducted in accordance with the ACS and FAA regulations that are current as of the date of the test.

The Areas of Operation in this ACS align with the Areas of Operation found in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.65(c). Each Area of

Operation includes Tasks appropriate to that Area of Operation. Each Task contains an Objective stating what the applicant

must know, consider, and/or do. The ACS then lists the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and skill elements

relevant to the specific Task, along with the conditions and standards for acceptable performance. The ACS uses Notes to

emphasize special considerations.

During the ground and flight portion of the practical test, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery

of the topic in accordance with the level of learning most appropriate for the specified Task. The oral questioning will

continue throughout the entire practical test. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or explain.

For other items, the evaluator will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario that requires the applicant

to appropriately apply and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information to the circumstances of the given scenario.

The flight portion of the practical test requires the applicant to demonstrate knowledge, risk management, flight proficiency,

and operational skill in accordance with the ACS.

The elements within each Task in this ACS are coded according to a scheme that includes four components. For example,

IR.I.B.K4:

IR = Applicable ACS

I = Area of Operation

B =Task

K4 = Task element (in this example, Knowledge 4)

There is no requirement for an evaluator to test every knowledge and risk management element in a Task; rather the evaluator

has discretion to sample as needed to ensure the applicant’s mastery of that Task. The required minimum elements to be

tested from each applicable Task include:

• any elements in which the applicant was shown to be deficient on the knowledge test, as applicable;

• at least one knowledge element;

• at least one risk management element; and

• all skill elements unless otherwise noted.

The Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) lists ACS codes that correlate to a specific Task element for a given Area of

26Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Operation for any incorrect responses on the knowledge test.

Knowledge and risk management elements are primarily evaluated during the knowledge testing phase of the airman

certification process. The evaluator administering the practical test has the discretion to combine Tasks/elements as

appropriate to testing scenarios.

Unless otherwise noted in the Task, the evaluator must test each item in the skills section by observing the applicant perform

each one. As safety of flight conditions permit, the evaluator should use questions during flight to test knowledge and risk

management elements not evident in the demonstrated skills. To the greatest extent practicable, evaluators should test the

applicant’s ability to apply and correlate information and use rote questions only when they are appropriate for the material

being tested.

If the Task includes a knowledge or risk element with sub-elements, the evaluator may choose the primary element and

select at least one sub-element to satisfy the requirement. Selection of the sub-element satisfies the requirement for one

element unless otherwise noted.

For example, an evaluator who chooses IR.I.B.K3 may select a sub-element such as IR.I.B.K3a to satisfy the requirement

to select one knowledge element.

The References for each Task indicate the source material for Task elements. For example, in the Task element “Sources of

weather data (e.g., National Weather Service, Flight Service) for flight planning purposes” (IR.I.B.K1), the applicant should

be prepared for questions on any weather product presented in the references for that Task.

The FAA encourages applicants and instructors to use the ACS when preparing for the airman knowledge tests and practical

tests. Evaluators must conduct the practical test in accordance with the current ACS and FAA regulations pursuant to 14

CFR part 61, section 61.43. If an applicant is entitled to credit for Areas of Operation previously passed as indicated on a

Notice of Disapproval of Application or Letter of Discontinuance, evaluators shall use the ACS currently in effect on the date

of the test.

The ground portion of the practical test allows the evaluator to determine whether the applicant is sufficiently prepared to

advance to the flight portion of the practical test. The applicant must pass the ground portion of the practical test before

beginning the flight portion. The oral questioning will continue throughout the entire practical test.

Combined Private/Instrument Test

Applicants for a combined Private Pilot Certificate with Instrument Rating, in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section

61.65(a) and (g), must pass all areas designated in the Private Pilot for Airplane ACS and the Instrument Rating – Airplane

ACS. Evaluators need not duplicate Tasks. For example, only one preflight demonstration would be required; however, the

Preflight Task from the Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS would be more extensive than the Preflight Task from the Private

Pilot for Airplane ACS to ensure readiness for Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight. Applicants for a combined test must

present the applicable test reports.

A combined certificate and rating evaluation should be treated as one practical test, requiring only one application and

resulting in only one temporary certificate, disapproval notice, or letter of discontinuance, as applicable. Failure of any Task

will result in a failure of the entire test and application. Therefore, even if the deficient maneuver was instrument related and

the performance of all visual flight rules (VFR) Tasks was determined to be satisfactory, the applicant will receive a notice

of disapproval.

Instructor Responsibilities

The instructor trains and qualifies the applicant to meet the established standards for knowledge, risk management, and skill

elements in all Tasks appropriate to the certificate and rating sought. The instructor should use this ACS and its references

when preparing the applicant to take the practical test and when retraining the applicant to proficiency in any subject(s)

missed on the knowledge test.

Evaluator Responsibilities

An evaluator includes the following:

• Aviation Safety Inspector (ASI);

• Pilot examiner (other than administrative pilot examiners);

• Training center evaluator (TCE);

27Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

• Chief instructor, assistant chief instructor, or check instructor of pilot school holding examining authority; or

• Instrument Flight Instructor (CFII) conducting an instrument proficiency check (IPC).

The evaluator who conducts the practical test verifies the applicant has met the aeronautical experience requirements

specified for a certificate or rating before administering the test. During the practical test, the evaluator determines whether

the applicant meets the established standards of aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and skills for the Tasks in the

appropriate ACS.

The evaluator must develop a plan of action (POA) that includes all required Areas of Operation and Tasks and administer

each practical test in English. The POA must include scenario(s) that evaluate as many of the required Areas of Operation

and Tasks as possible. As a scenario unfolds during the test, the evaluator will introduce problems and simulate emergencies

that test the applicant’s ability. The evaluator has the discretion to modify the POA to accommodate unexpected situations

as they arise or suspend and later resume a scenario to assess certain Tasks.

Prior to and throughout the evaluation, the evaluator ensures the applicant meets the FAA Aviation English Language

Standard (AELS). An applicant must be able to communicate in English in a discernible and understandable manner with

air traffic control (ATC), pilots, and others involved in preparing an aircraft for flight and operating an aircraft in flight.

This communication may or may not involve radio communications. An applicant for an FAA certificate or rating issued in

accordance with 14 CFR parts 61, 63, 65, or 107 who cannot hear or speak due to a medical deficiency may be eligible for

an FAA certificate with specific operational limitations.

If the applicant’s ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question before starting the practical test, the evaluator will not

begin the practical test. An evaluator other than an ASI will check the box, “Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language

Standard Determination,” located on the bottom of page 2 of the applicant’s FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/

or Rating Application, or FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application - Sport Pilot, as applicable. The

evaluator will refer the applicant to the appropriate Flight Standards Office (FSO).

If the applicant’s ability to meet the FAA AELS comes into question after the practical test begins, an evaluator who other

than an ASI will discontinue the practical test and check the box, “Referred to FSO for Aviation English Language Standard

Determination,” on the application. The evaluator will also issue FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval of Application,

with the comment “Does Not Demonstrate FAA AELS” in addition to any unsatisfactory Task(s). The evaluator will refer the

applicant to the appropriate FSO. ASIs conducting the practical test may assess an applicant’s English language proficiency

in accordance with FAA Order 8900.1.

In either case, the evaluator must complete and submit the application file through normal application procedures and

evaluators other than an ASI notify the appropriate FSO of the referral.

If the ability of an FAA certificated airman comes into question prior to or during a required regulatory check (e.g., proficiency

check) the evaluator other than an ASI will not continue the check or provide an endorsement indicating completion. The

evaluator will refer the airman to the jurisdictional FAA field office for further determination of ability to meet the FAA AELS.

For additional information, reference AC 60-28, FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate issued under 14

CFR parts 61, 63, 65, and 107, as amended.

The abbreviation(s) within parentheses immediately following a Task refers to the category and/or class airplane appropriate

to that Task. The absence of a class indicates the Task is for all classes. The meaning of each abbreviation is as follows:

• ASEL—Airplane – Single-Engine Land

• ASES—Airplane – Single-Engine Sea

• AMEL—Airplane – Multiengine Land

• AMES—Airplane – Multiengine Sea

Possible Outcomes of the Test

A practical test has three possible outcomes: (1) Temporary Airman Certificate (satisfactory), (2) Notice of Disapproval of

Application (unsatisfactory), or (3) Letter of Discontinuance.

If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator must require the applicant

to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. This provision does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an

unsatisfactory Task is permitted during the practical test.

28Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Satisfactory Performance

Refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43, for satisfactory performance requirements.

Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate.

Unsatisfactory Performance

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the applicant fails the Task

and associated Area of Operation and the evaluator issues a Notice of Disapproval of Application. The evaluator lists the

Area(s) of Operation in which the applicant did not meet the standard, any Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number

of practical test failures. The evaluator should also list the Tasks failed or Tasks not tested within any unsatisfactory or

partially completed Area(s) of Operation. 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(c)-(f) provides additional unsatisfactory performance

requirements and parameters.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include:

• Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the evaluator to maintain safe

flight.

• Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while performing

maneuvers.

• Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the skill elements of the Task.

• Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.

• Failure to exercise risk management.

The evaluator or the applicant may end the test if the applicant fails a Task. The evaluator may continue the test only with

the consent of the applicant. The applicant receives credit only for those Areas of Operation and the associated Tasks

performed satisfactorily.

Letter of Discontinuance

Refer to 14 CFR part 61, section 61.43(e)(2) for conditions to issue a letter of discontinuance.

If discontinuing a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance (e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness),

the evaluator must return all test paperwork to the applicant. The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of

Discontinuance that lists those Areas of Operation the applicant successfully completed and the time period remaining to

complete the test to receive credit for previously completed Areas of Operation. The evaluator should advise the applicant to

present the Letter of Discontinuance to the evaluator when the practical test resumes in order to receive credit for the items

successfully completed. The Letter of Discontinuance becomes part of the applicant's certification file.

Time Limit and Credit after a Discontinued Practical Test

Refer to 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.39(f) and 61.43(f) after issuance of a Letter of Discontinuance or Notice of Disapproval

of Application.

Additional Rating Task Table

For an applicant who holds an instrument rating in another category and seeks an additional Instrument Airplane rating, the

evaluator must evaluate that applicant in the Areas of Operation and Tasks listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. The

evaluator may evaluate the applicant’s competence in the remaining Areas of Operation and Tasks.

29Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Addition of an Airplane Rating to an Existing Instrument Rating Certificate

The table below indicates the required Tasks for each Area of Operation tested in accordance with this ACS.

Required

Area of

OperationRequired

Task(s)

I None

II A,C

III None

IV All

V None

VI All

VII All

VIII All

ote: N In Area of Operation VII, Emergency Operations, Tasks B and C apply to multiengine tests only.

The removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” limitation, at the private pilot or commercial pilot certificate level, requires

an applicant to satisfactorily perform the following Area of Operation and Tasks from the Instrument Rating ‒ Airplane ACS:

Area of Operation VII, Emergency Operations , in a multiengine airplane that has a manufacturer’s published VMC speed.

• Task B: One Engine Inoperative during Straight-and-Level Flight and Turns (AMEL, AMES)

• Task C: Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)

Instrument Proficiency Check

14 CFR part 61, section 61.57(d) sets forth the requirements for an instrument proficiency check (IPC). Evaluators

conducting an IPC must ensure the pilot meets the standards established in this ACS. As a minimum, the applicant must

demonstrate the ability to perform the Tasks listed in the table below. The person giving the check should develop a scenario

that incorporates as many required Tasks as practical to assess the pilot’s aeronautical decision making (ADM) and risk

management skills.

Required

Area of

OperationRequired

Task(s)

I None

II None

III B

IV B

V A

VI All

VII B,C,D

VIII All

ote: N In Area of Operation VII, Emergency Operations, Tasks B and C apply to multiengine tests only.

An Advanced Aviation Training Device (AATD) can be utilized for the majority of the IPC as specified in the Letter of

Authorization issued for the device. However, the circling approach, the landing Task, and the multiengine airplane Tasks

must be accomplished in an aircraft or FFS (Level B, C, or D). A Basic Aviation Training Device (BATD) cannot be used for

30Appendix 1: Practical Test Roles, Responsibilities, and Outcomes

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

any part of the IPC.

Refer to Advisory Circular (AC) 61-98 (as amended), Currency Requirements and Guidance for the Flight Review and

Instrument Proficiency Check, as amended for information on conducting an IPC. The AC can be found at: www.faa.gov .

31Appendix 2: Safety of Flight

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Appendix 2: Safety of Flight

General

Safety of flight must be the prime consideration at all times. The evaluator, applicant, and crew must be continually alert

for other traffic. If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the

evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver. The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of

visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures throughout the entire test.

Stall and Spin Awareness

During flight training and testing, the applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always recognize and avoid operations

that could lead to an inadvertent stall or spin and inadvertent loss of control.

Use of Checklists

Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an appropriate checklist.

Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should determine whether the

applicant demonstrates CRM, appropriately divides attention, and uses proper visual scanning. In some situations, reading

the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should assess the applicant's performance

of published or recommended immediate action "memory" items along with their review of the appropriate checklist once

conditions permit.

In a single-pilot airplane, the applicant should demonstrate the crew resource management (CRM) principles described

as single-pilot resource management (SRM). Proper use depends on the specific Task being evaluated. If the use of the

checklist while accomplishing elements of an Objective would be either unsafe or impractical in a single-pilot operation, the

applicant should review the checklist after accomplishing the elements.

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

A clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft must exist. Prior to flight, the pilots involved should conduct a briefing

that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls.

The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots:

• When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, they will say, “You have the flight

controls.”

• The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, “I have the flight controls.”

• The first pilot again says, “You have the flight controls,” and visually confirms the exchange.

Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during the practical test.

The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the exchange has occurred. Doubt as to who is

flying the aircraft should not occur.

Use of Distractions

Numerous studies indicate that many accidents have occurred when the pilot has been distracted during critical phases

of flight. The evaluator should incorporate realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test to evaluate the

pilot’s situational awareness and ability to utilize proper control technique while dividing attention both inside and outside

the flight deck.

Aeronautical Decision-Making, Risk Management, Crew Resource Management, and Single-Pilot Resource

Management

Throughout the practical test, the evaluator must assess the applicant’s ability to use sound aeronautical decision-making

procedures in order to identify hazards and mitigate risk. The evaluator must accomplish this requirement by reference

to the risk management elements of the given Task(s), and by developing scenarios that incorporate and combine Tasks

appropriate to assessing the applicant’s risk management in making safe aeronautical decisions. For example, the evaluator

32Appendix 2: Safety of Flight

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

may develop a scenario that incorporates weather decisions and performance planning.

In assessing the applicant’s performance, the evaluator should take note of the applicant’s use of CRM and, if appropriate,

SRM. CRM/SRM is the set of competencies that includes situational awareness, communication skills, teamwork, task

allocation, and decision-making within a comprehensive framework of standard operating procedures (SOP). SRM

specifically refers to the management of all resources onboard the aircraft, as well as outside resources available to the

single pilot.

Multiengine Considerations

For instrument practical tests conducted in multiengine aircraft, the evaluator must discuss with the applicant the methods

for simulating an engine failure in accordance with the aircraft manufacturer's recommended procedures during the required

preflight briefing.

33Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations

Aircraft Requirements & Limitations

If the aircraft has inoperative equipment and can be operated in accordance with 14 CFR part 91, section 91.213, it must

be determined if any inoperative instruments or equipment are required to complete the practical test. The inoperative

equipment must not interfere with practical test requirements. Applicants testing in a multiengine airplane must provide a

multiengine airplane with a published VMC unless the airman’s certificate has a center thrust limitation.

Equipment Requirements & Limitations

The aircraft must meet the requirements as outlined in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.45.

To assist in management of the aircraft during the practical test, the applicant is expected to demonstrate automation

management skills by utilizing installed, available, or airborne equipment such as autopilot, avionics and systems displays,

and/or a flight management system (FMS). The evaluator is expected to test the applicant’s knowledge of the systems that

are available or installed and operative during both the ground and flight portions of the practical test. If the applicant has

trained using a portable electronic flight bag (EFB) to display charts and data and wishes to use the EFB during the practical

test, the applicant is expected to demonstrate appropriate knowledge, risk management, and skill appropriate to its use.

If the practical test involves maneuvering the aircraft solely by reference to instruments, the applicant is required by 14 CFR

part 61, section 61.45(d)(2) to provide an appropriate view limiting device acceptable to the Administrator. The applicant

and the evaluator should establish a procedure as to when and how this device should be donned and removed and brief

this procedure before the flight. This device must prevent the applicant from having visual reference outside the aircraft,

but it must not restrict the evaluator’s ability to see and avoid other traffic. The use of the device does not apply to specific

elements within a Task when there is a requirement for visual references.

Use of Flight Simulation Training Devices (FSTD)

Applicants for a pilot certificate or rating can accomplish all or part of a practical test or proficiency check in an FSTD qualified

under 14 CFR part 60, which includes full flight simulators (FFS) or flight training devices (FTD), only when conducted within

an FAA-approved training program. Each operational rule part identifies additional requirements for the approval and use of

FSTDs in an FAA-approved training program.

Credit for Pilot Time in an FSTD

14 CFR part 61 and part 141 specify the minimum experience requirements for each certificate or rating sought. 14 CFR part

61 and the appendices to part 141 specify the maximum amount of FFS or FTD flight training time an applicant can apply

toward those experience requirements.

Use of Aviation Training Devices (ATD)

Applicants for a pilot certificate or rating cannot use an ATD to accomplish a practical test, a 14 CFR part 61, section 61.58

proficiency check, or the flight portion of a 14 CFR part 61, section 61.57 flight review. An ATD is defined in 14 CFR part 61,

section 61.1.

The FAA’s General Aviation and Commercial Division evaluates and approves ATDs as permitted under 14 CFR part 61,

section 61.4(c) and FAA Order 8900.1. Each ATD is then issued an FAA letter of authorization (LOA) that is valid for 60

calendar months. The LOA for each ATD lists the pilot time credit allowances and associated limitations.

The Pilot Training and Certification Group public website provides a list of the FAA-approved ATDs and the associated

manufacturer.

Credit for Pilot Time in an ATD

14 CFR part 61 and part 141 specify the minimum experience requirements for each certificate or rating sought. 14 CFR

part 61 and the appendices to part 141 specify the maximum amount of ATD flight training time an applicant can apply

toward those experience requirements. The LOA for each FAA-approved ATD lists the pilot time credit allowances and the

associated limitations.

34Appendix 3: Aircraft, Equipment, and Operational Requirements & Limitations

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS (FAA-S-ACS-8C)

Evaluators must request an applicant to provide a copy of the manufacturer's LOA when using ATD flight training time credit

to meet the minimum experience requirements for an airman pilot certificate, rating, or privilege.

Operational Requirements, Limitations, & Task Information

V. Navigation Systems

Task A. Intercepting and Tracking Navigational Systems and DME Arcs

The evaluator may not select DME arcs, unless charted and available (including use of RNAV substitution techniques, if

appropriate).

VI. Instrument Approach Procedures

Use of Area Navigation (RNAV) or Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Navigation System

For practical tests conducted in an aircraft equipped with an installed, instrument flight rules (IFR)-approved RNAV or

required navigational performance (RNP) system, or in a flight simulation training device (FSTD) equipped to replicate an

installed, IFR-approved RNAV or RNP system, the applicant must demonstrate approach proficiency using that system.

The applicant may use a suitable RNAV system on conventional procedures and routes as described in the Aeronautical

Information Manual (AIM) to accomplish ACS tasks on conventional approach procedures, as appropriate.

Vertical or Lateral Deviation Standard

The standard is to allow no more than a ¾ scale deflection of either the vertical or lateral deviation indications during the

final approach. As markings on flight instruments vary, a ¾ scale deflection of either vertical or lateral guidance is deemed

to occur when it is displaced ¾ of the distance that it may be deflected from the indication representing that the aircraft is

on the correct flight path.

Task A. Non-precision Approach

A non-precision approach is a standard instrument approach procedure to a published minimum descent altitude without

approved vertical guidance. The applicant may use navigation systems that display advisory vertical guidance during non-

precision approach operations, if available.

The evaluator must select and the applicant must accomplish at least two different non-precision approaches in simulated

or actual instrument meteorological conditions:

• At least one procedure must include a course reversal maneuver (e.g., procedure turn, holding in lieu, or the

course reversal from an initial approach fix on a Terminal Area Arrival).

• The applicant must accomplish at least one procedure from an initial approach fix without the use of autopilot

and without the assistance of radar vectors. During this Task, flying without using the autopilot does not prevent

use of the yaw damper and flight director.

• The applicant must fly one procedure with reference to backup or partial panel instrumentation or navigation

display, depending on the aircraft’s instrument avionics configuration, representing a realistic failure mode(s) for

the equipment used.

The evaluator has discretion to have the applicant perform a landing or a missed approach at the completion of each

approach.

Task B. Precision Approach

The applicant must accomplish a precision approach to the decision altitude (DA) using aircraft navigational equipment

for centerline and vertical guidance in simulated or actual instrument meteorological conditions. A precision approach is a

standard instrument approach procedure to a published decision altitude using provided approved vertical guidance.

The evaluator has discretion to have the applicant perform a landing or a missed approach at the completion of each

approach.