FAA ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)

Airman Certification Standards

Companion Guide for PilotsFAA-G-ACS-2

(with Changes 1 & 2)

Flight Standards Service

Washington, DC 20591

November 2023

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)iForeword

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed this Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide FAA-G-ACS-2,

for use with the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) for pilot certification. This guide, along with the regulatory material

in the ACS, may assist an applicant preparing for the knowledge and practical test(s) that lead to pilot certification. This

document is intended only to provide clarity to the public regarding existing requirements under the law or agency policies.

The contents of this document do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public in any way.

This guide and the ACS are available for download from www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/acs .

Comments regarding this document may be emailed to acsptsinquiries@faa.gov .Change 1 (September 19, 2024)

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)iiRevision History

Document # Description Date

FAA-G-ACS-2 Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots November 2023

FAA-G-ACS-2 Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots (Change 1) September 2024

FAA-G-ACS-2 Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots (Changes 1 & 2) December 2024

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)iiiRecord of Changes

Change 1 (September 19, 2024)

• Updated the hyperlink in the Foreword to point directly to the ACS webpage on faa.gov (page i).

• Removed the duplicated paragraph in the “ACS Archived Test Codes” subsection of Section 2 (page 5).

• Added 14 CFR part 73, Special Use Airspace to the list of References in Section 5 (page 10).

• Removed AC 00-30C, Clear Air Turbulence Avoidance from the list of References in Section 5 (page 10).

• Removed SAFO 19001 from the list of References in Section 5 (page 13).

Change 2 (December 26, 2024)

• Removed errant code (CA.IV.B.S5) from “Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes” subsection

of Section 8 (page 21).

ACS Companion Guide (FAA-G-ACS-2)ivWhy the FAA Created this Guide ....................................................................................................................................... 1

The Non-Regulatory Material in this Guide ....................................................................................................................... 1

Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration .................................................................... 2

Eligibility ............................................................................................................................................................................ 2

Steps for Knowledge Test Registration .............................................................................................................................. 2

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations ......................................................................... 2

Acceptable Forms of Identification .................................................................................................................................... 2

Acceptable Forms of Applicant Address Verification ......................................................................................................... 3

Airman Knowledge Test Description .................................................................................................................................. 3

Taking the Knowledge Test ................................................................................................................................................ 3

Acceptable and Unacceptable Materials ........................................................................................................................... 4

Test Taking Tips ................................................................................................................................................................. 4

Section 2: Airman Knowledge Test Report ........................................................................................................... 5

Applicant Name Considerations for the Airman Knowledge Test Report and the Practical Test ....................................... 5

Retesting After Failure of AKTR ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Knowledge Test Codes During Transition from PTS To ACS ............................................................................................ 5

ACS Archived Test Codes ................................................................................................................................................. 5

Obtaining a Duplicate AKTR .............................................................................................................................................. 6

Section 3: ACS Risk Management ....................................................................................................................... 7

Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions ................................................................................................................ 8

Section 4: Flight Instructor Applicant Considerations ........................................................................................... 9

Flight Instructor ACS Information ...................................................................................................................................... 9

Section 5: References ........................................................................................................................................ 10

Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................. 14

Section 7: Practical Test Checklist (Applicant) ................................................................................................... 19

Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes .......................................................................... 20

Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes ................................................................................................ 20

Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes ........................................................................................ 21

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS Archived Codes ......................................................................................................... 21

Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating ACS Archived Codes ......................................................................................... 21Table of Contents

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)1

Why the FAA Created this Guide

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publishes the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) to communicate the

aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and flight proficiency standards for various certificates and ratings available

to airmen. The ACSs are incorporated by reference into 14 CFR part 61; therefore, the material contained in the ACS is

regulatory. This guide, FAA-G-ACS-2, provides additional information to the regulated community to facilitate airman testing.

The ACS complies with the safety management system (SMS) framework that the FAA uses to mitigate risks associated

with airman certification training and testing. Specifically, the ACS, incorporated by reference (IBR) into the Federal Aviation

Regulations, conforms to four functional components of an SMS:

• Safety Policy—Each ACS specifies the Tasks selected by the FAA from the regulatory Areas of Operation.

Evaluators formulate a Plan of Action that determines if an applicant can operate safely within the NAS. The

ACS represents the FAA’s commitment to continually improve safety by including risk management elements in

addition to knowledge and skill elements;

• Safety Risk Management that complies with the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) allows the FAA to work with

internal and external stakeholders during document formulation. The public at large and stakeholders have an

additional chance to provide input during public comment periods;

• Safety Assurance processes ensure a methodical and reasoned incorporation of changes arising from safety

recommendations or new developments in aviation; and

• Safety Promotion in the form of engagement and discussion between both external stakeholders (e.g., the

aviation training industry) and the FAA policy divisions going forward will determine the content of any ACS that

publishes in a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.

The FAA develops the ACS documents along with associated guidance and updated reference material in collaboration

with a diverse group of aviation training experts. The goal is to drive a systematic approach to all components of the

airman certification system, including knowledge test question development and conduct of the practical test. The FAA

acknowledges and appreciates the many hours that these aviation experts have contributed toward this goal. This level of

collaboration, a hallmark of a robust safety culture, strengthens and enhances aviation safety at every level of the airman

certification system.

Note: This document does not apply to the Practical Test Standards.

The Non-Regulatory Material in this Guide

This guide provides test preparatory information for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating. This guide also provides a

list of references and abbreviations/acronyms used in any ACS and a practical test checklist for use by an applicant. The

material in this guide is non-regulatory and may contain terms such as should or may:

• Should indicates actions that are recommended, but not regulatory.

• May is used in a permissive sense to state authority or permission to do the act prescribed.

This document is not legally binding and will not be relied upon by the FAA as a basis for affirmative enforcement action

or other administrative penalty. Conformity with the guidance is voluntary only and nonconformity will not affect rights and

obligations under existing statutes and regulations.

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)2Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration

Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration

Eligibility

For detailed airman knowledge test eligibility and applicable prerequisites, applicants should refer to the 14 CFR part 61

rules that apply to a specific certificate or rating.

Steps for Knowledge Test Registration

Step 1. Obtain an FAA Tracking Number

The FAA Airman Knowledge Test registration system requires the applicant to have an FAA Tracking Number (FTN).

Applicants may obtain an FTN through the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) website .

This video describes creating an IACRA account and obtaining an FTN. The specific instructions begin at the 14-minute

mark.

Step 2. Create an Account with PSI

After obtaining an FTN, applicants should create an account with the FAA’s contracted testing vendor, PSI, a professional

testing company which operates hundreds of test centers. Visit PSI’s website for information on authorized airman knowledge

test centers and how to register, schedule, and pay for an Airman Knowledge Test:

Note: The IACRA and PSI systems share data that verifies the applicant’s FTN and name based on the information

input into IACRA by the applicant. The PSI system does not allow applicants to make changes to their name.

Applicants who need to make a correction to their name should process that correction in the IACRA system. The

applicant’s name correction will appear in the PSI system once the applicant logs back into the PSI system and

refreshes their account.

Step 3. Select Test and Testing Center

After obtaining an FTN and creating an account with PSI, applicants may schedule knowledge tests. The PSI system walks

the applicant through the process to select a test center in their area and select one or more specific knowledge tests.

Step 4. Select an Available Time Slot

After selecting the test center and test, the applicant may select a date and time slot.

Step 5. Pay for Test

After selecting an available time slot, the PSI system prompts the applicant to pay for the test. After completing this step, the

applicant receives an automated email confirmation from PSI.

Applicants are required to meet any applicable Airman Knowledge Test eligibility requirements before arriving at a test

center to take a specific knowledge test.

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations

Applicants may request a special accommodation for their airman knowledge test through the PSI test registration and

scheduling process. The process allows the applicant to select the specific accommodation(s) needed in accordance with

the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The PSI special accommodations team will work with the applicant and the

selected testing center to provide appropriate accommodation(s). The PSI special accommodations team may request

medical documentation for verification.

Acceptable Forms of Identification

14 CFR part 61, section 61.35, requires an applicant for a knowledge test to have proper identification at the time of

application. Before beginning an Airman Knowledge Test, test center personnel will ask to see the applicant’s state or

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)3Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration

federal government-issued photo identification. The identification must contain the applicant’s photograph, signature, and

date of birth. If the applicant’s permanent mailing address is a PO Box number, the applicant must provide a current

residential address.

Acceptable Forms of Applicant Address Verification

The table below provides examples of acceptable identification.

All Applicants U.S. Citizens & Resident Aliens Non-U.S. Citizens

Identification information must be:

9valid

9current

Identification must include all of

the following information:

9photo

9date of birth

9signature

9physical, residential

address 9Identification card issued by

any U.S. state, territory, or

government entity (e.g., driver

permit or license, government

identification card, or military

identification card)

or

9Passport

or

9Alien residency card 9Passport

and

9Driver permit or license issued

by a U.S. state or territory

or

9Identification card issued by

any government entity

Airman Knowledge Test Description

The airman knowledge test consists of multiple-choice questions. A single correct response exists for each test question. A

correct response to one question does not depend upon, or influence, the correct response to another.

Taking the Knowledge Test

Before starting the actual test, the test center provides an applicant with the opportunity to practice navigating the test

software. This practice or tutorial session may include sample questions to familiarize the applicant with the look and feel of

the software (e.g., selecting an answer, marking a question for later review, monitoring time remaining for the test, and other

features of the testing software). PSI also provides sample tests for registered users on their website .

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)4Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration

Acceptable and Unacceptable Materials

The applicant may use the following aids, reference materials, and test materials when taking the knowledge test provided

the material does not include actual test questions or answers:

Acceptable Materials Unacceptable Materials Notes

Supplement book provided by the

proctorWritten materials that are

handwritten, printed, or electronicTesting centers may provide

calculators and/or deny the use of

personal calculators.

All models of aviation-oriented

calculators or small electronic

calculators that perform only

arithmetic functionsElectronic calculators

incorporating permanent or

continuous type memory circuits

without erasure capabilityProctor may prohibit the use of

an applicant’s calculator if the

proctor is unable to determine the

calculator’s erasure capability

Calculators with simple

programmable memories, which

allow the addition to, subtraction

from, or retrieval of one number

from the memory, or simple

functions, such as square root and

percentagesMagnetic Cards, magnetic tapes,

modules, computer chips, or any

other device upon which pre-

written programs or information

related to the test can be stored

and retrievedPrintouts of data should be

surrendered at the completion

of the test if the calculator

incorporates this design feature

Scales, straightedges, protractors,

plotters, navigation computers,

blank log sheets, holding pattern

entry aids, and electronic or

mechanical calculators that are

directly related to the testDictionariesBefore, and upon completion of

the test, while in the presence

of the proctor, actuate the ON/

OFF switch or RESET button,

and perform any other function

that ensures erasure of any data

stored in memory circuits

Manufacturer’s permanently

inscribed instructions on the

front and back of such aids

(e.g., formulas, conversions,

regulations, signals, weather

data, holding pattern diagrams,

frequencies, weight and balance

formulas, and air traffic control

procedures)Any booklet or manual containing

instructions related to the use of

test aidsProctor makes the final

determination regarding aids,

reference materials, and test

materials

Test Taking Tips

When taking a knowledge test, applicants should:

• Read the test instructions carefully;

• Mark difficult questions for later review in order to use the available time efficiently;

• Examine graphs and notes that pertain to the question;

• Request and mark a printed copy of any graph while computing answers, if needed;

• Understand that since only one answer is complete and correct, the other possible answers are either incomplete

or erroneous;

• Answer each question in accordance with the current regulations and guidance publications; and

• Answer all the questions before time allotted for the test expires.

• Review 14 CFR part 61, section 61.37 regarding cheating or other unauthorized conduct.

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)5Section 2: Airman Knowledge Test Report

Section 2: Airman Knowledge Test Report

Upon completion of the knowledge test, the test center issues a printed Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) to the

applicant, which documents the applicant’s test score and lists a code for any questions answered incorrectly. The applicant

should retain the original AKTR. During the oral portion of a practical test, the evaluator reviews the AKTR, and assesses

any noted areas of deficiency.

Applicant Name Considerations for the Airman Knowledge Test Report and the Practical Test

The FAA compares the applicant’s name on the AKTR with the name on the practical test application form when examining

certificate and rating applications and before issuing a permanent certificate to the applicant. If an incorrect middle initial,

spelling variant, or different middle name is on the AKTR or if there is a first name variation of any kind between the AKTR

and the formal application for a certificate or rating, the evaluator for the practical test should attach an explanation and a

copy of the applicant’s photo identification to the IACRA or paper application. An IACRA application cannot be processed

if the applicant’s last name or suffix (e.g., Jr., Sr.) on the AKTR does not match the name recorded on the application form.

In this case, the applicant should use a paper application, and the evaluator should include an explanation and copy of the

applicant’s photo identification to avoid a correction notice.

Retesting After Failure of AKTR

An applicant retesting after the failure of any Airman Knowledge Test may retest with appropriate authorization. The applicant

should bring the applicable AKTR indicating failure to the test center, along with an endorsement from an Authorized

Instructor who gave the applicant the required additional training in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.49. The

endorsement certifies that the applicant is competent to pass the knowledge test.

Knowledge Test Codes During Transition from PTS To ACS

When a PTS is the effective standard for a specific certificate or rating, the applicant receives an Airman Knowledge Test

Report with pilot (PLT) codes that correspond to any knowledge test question(s) the applicant answered incorrectly. For

example: PLT044.

For knowledge tests taken after an ACS becomes the effective standard for a specific certificate or rating, the test center

issues an AKTR with ACS codes that correspond to any knowledge test question(s) the applicant answered incorrectly. For

example: CA.I.A.K1

During a period of transition after an ACS replaces a PTS, an applicant could possess a valid AKTR with PLT codes.

When this occurs, instructors and evaluators can continue to use PLT codes in conjunction with the appropriate ACS for

targeting training and retesting of missed knowledge subject areas by looking up the PLT code(s) in the Learning Statement

Reference Guide .

After noting the subject area(s) for the PLT codes, instructors and evaluators should check or test the applicant’s understanding

of that material in the context of the appropriate ACS Area(s) of Operation and Task(s).

Note: Test codes for the Fundamentals of Instructing knowledge test are the same for all instructor certificates and will

issue with ACS codes after the first instructor ACS becomes effective.

ACS Archived Test Codes

As a result of updates made to an ACS, an AKTR may contain one or more archived ACS codes. These codes are indicated

as archived within the ACS. For example:

PA.VIII.E.K1a Archived.

Use of archived codes in the ACS avoids code shifting that could create ambiguity when looking up ACS codes listed on

an AKTR. An unexpired AKTR may span ACS revisions and ACS codes may archive after an applicant takes a knowledge

test. Therefore, an applicant, instructor, or evaluator may need to interpret one or more archived ACS codes on an AKTR.

Individuals can refer to the ACS revision in effect on the date of the knowledge test or to Section 8 of this guide for archived

ACS codes and the associated element text. For example, the archived ACS code for Private Pilot Airplane element

PA.VIII.E.K1a is noted in Section 8 of this guide as: Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes.Change 1 (September 19, 2024)

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)6Section 2: Airman Knowledge Test Report

Obtaining a Duplicate AKTR

If the applicant’s knowledge test was taken on or after January 13, 2020, the applicant can print a duplicate or expired test

report (AKTR) by visiting the PSI website .

If the knowledge test was taken on or before January 10, 2020, the applicant should follow 14 CFR, section 61.29 for

replacement of a lost or destroyed AKTR.

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)7Section 3: ACS Risk Management

Section 3: ACS Risk Management

Risk management involves perception of hazards, the ability to process the probability and severity of outcomes associated

with any hazard, and performance of appropriate risk mitigation as needed to preserve the desired margin of safety.

Previous editions of the ACS often used elements for evaluation of risk management as encompassing a failure to do

something. Many of these “failure to act” elements mimicked skill elements and limited an evaluator’s opportunity to

thoroughly examine an applicant’s understanding of risk management.

For example, see elements R1 and S2 from the Private Pilot — Airplane Airman Certification Standards (FAA-S-ACS-6B

with Change 1) in the excerpt below:

Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

References FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

ObjectiveTo determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and

skills associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane

provided for the practical test and analyzing the situation and take appropriate action

for simulated emergencies.

Knowledge The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

PA.IX.C.K1 Partial or complete power loss related to the specific powerplant, including:

PA.IX.C.K1a a. Engine roughness or overheat

PA.IX.C.K1b b. Carburetor or induction icing

PA.IX.C.K1c c. Loss of oil pressure

PA.IX.C.K1d d. Fuel starvation

PA.IX.C.K2 System and equipment malfunctions specific to the airplane, including:

PA.IX.C.K2a a. Electrical malfunction

PA.IX.C.K2b b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions

PA.IX.C.K2c c. Pitot/static system malfunction

PA.IX.C.K2d d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction

PA.IX.C.K2e e. Landing gear or flap malfunction

PA.IX.C.K2f f. Inoperative trim

PA.IX.C.K3 Smoke/fire/engine compartment fire.

PA.IX.C.K4 Any other system specific to the airplane (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).

PA.IX.C.K5 Inadvertent door or window opening.

Risk

ManagementThe applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, encom -

passing:

PA.IX.C.R1 Failure to use the proper checklist for a system or equipment malfunction.

PA.IX.C.R2 Distractions, loss of situational awareness, or improper task management.

Skills The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

PA.IX.C.S1Describe appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator ,

from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5 above.

PA.IX.C.S2 Complete the appropriate checklist.

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)8Section 3: ACS Risk Management

The FAA reworded risk elements that describe a Failure to… (or similar phrases) with language permitting an open-ended

examination of risk management by the evaluator. See element R2 in the excerpt below (image for illustration purposes

only):

Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

eferences: R FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with

system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test.

Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

PA.IX.C.K1 Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s).

PA.IX.C.K1a a. [Archived]

PA.IX.C.K1b b. [Archived]

PA.IX.C.K1c c. [Archived]

PA.IX.C.K1d d. [Archived]

PA.IX.C.K2 System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including:

PA.IX.C.K2a a. Electrical malfunction

PA.IX.C.K2b b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions

PA.IX.C.K2c c. Pitot-static system malfunction

PA.IX.C.K2d d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction

PA.IX.C.K2e e. Landing gear or flap malfunction

PA.IX.C.K2f f. Inoperative trim

PA.IX.C.K3 Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft.

PA.IX.C.K4 Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing).

PA.IX.C.K5 Inadvertent door or window opening.

Risk

Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with:

PA.IX.C.R1 Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction.

PA.IX.C.R2 Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation.

PA.IX.C.R3 Undesired aircraft state.

PA.IX.C.R4 Startle response.

Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to:

PA.IX.C.S1 Determine appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three

of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5.

PA.IX.C.S2 Complete the appropriate checklist(s).

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)9Section 4: Flight Instructor Applicant Considerations

Section 4: Flight Instructor Applicant Considerations

Flight Instructor ACS Information

Flight Instructor ACS documents include sections that define the acceptable standards for knowledge, risk management,

and skills unique to an instructor certificate or rating.

Knowledge elements often begin with “The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge by describing and explaining…”

Instructional knowledge means the instructor applicant can effectively present the what, how, and why involved with the

task elements using techniques described in the fundamentals of instructing (FOI) area of operation in an instructor ACS.

The Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI), Area of Operation I, Task F: Elements of Effective Teaching that include Risk

Management and Accident Prevention focuses on teaching risk management and on those risks encountered by a flight

instructor while providing in-flight instruction.

Instructor applicants deal with additional risk management on several levels. These include teaching risk management in

the classroom and mitigation of risk during flight instruction.

Note that the FOI sections in each instructor ACS are identical and use the same element codes. This makes it possible to

use the same FOI elements for every instructor ACS.

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)10Section 5: References

Section 5: References

The ACS are based on the following 14 CFR parts, FAA guidance documents, manufacturer’s publications, and other

documents.

Note: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed below. The current edition of all FAA

publications can be found at www.faa.gov .

Reference Title

14 CFR part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations

14 CFR part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Airplanes

14 CFR part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes

14 CFR part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft

14 CFR part 29 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft

14 CFR part 39 Airworthiness Directives

14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration

14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors

14 CFR part 63 Certification: Flight Crewmembers other than Pilots

14 CFR part 65 Certification: Airmen Other Than Flightcrew Members

14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification

14 CFR part 68 Requirements for Operating Certain Small Aircraft Without a Medical Certificate

14 CFR part 71Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service Routes; and

Reporting Points

14 CFR part 73 Special Use Airspace

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules

14 CFR part 93 Special Air Traffic Rules

14 CFR part 97 Standard Instrument Procedures

14 CFR part 117 Flight and Duty Limitations and Rest Requirements: Flightcrew Members

14 CFR part 119 Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators

14 CFR part 121 Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations

14 CFR part 135Operating Requirements: Commuter and on Demand Operations and Rules Governing

Persons on Board Such Aircraft

49 CFR part 830Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents and Overdue Aircraft, and

Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records

AC 00-46 Aviation Safety Reporting Program

AC 20-117Hazards Following Ground Deicing and Ground Operations in Conditions Conducive to

Aircraft Icing

AC 29-2 Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft

AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision MakingChange 1 (September 19, 2024)

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)11Section 5: References

Reference Title

AC 60-28FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate Issued Under 14 CFR Parts 61,

63, 65, and 107

AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight and Ground Instructors

AC 61-67 Stall and Spin Awareness Training

AC 61-107Aircraft Operations at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet Mean Sea Level or Mach Numbers

Greater Than .75

AC 61-138 Airline Transport Pilot Certification Training Program

AC 61-140 Autorotation Training

AC 68-1 BasicMed

AC 90-48 Pilots' Role in Collision Avoidance

AC 90-95 Unanticipated Right Yaw in Helicopters

AC 90-100 U.S Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations

AC 90-105Approval Guidance for RNP Operations and Barometric Vertical Navigation in the U.S.

National Airspace System and in Oceanic and Remote Continental Airspace

AC 90-107Guidance for Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance and Localizer Performance

without Vertical Guidance Approach Operations in the U.S. National Airspace System

AC 90-117 Data Link Communications

AC 91.21-1 Use of Portable Electronic Devices Aboard Aircraft

AC 91-32 Safety in and Around Helicopters

AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failures Following Aircraft Engine Starting

AC 91-73 Parts 91 and 135 Single Pilot, Flight School Procedures During Taxi Operations

AC 91-74 Pilot Guide: Flight in Icing Conditions

AC 91-78 Use of Class 1 or Class 2 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)

AC 91-79 Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Overrun Upon Landing

AC 91-92 Pilot’s Guide to a Preflight Briefing

AC 120-27 Aircraft Weight and Balance Control

AC 120-51 Crew Resource Management Training

AC 120-57 Surface Movement Guidance and Control System

AC 120-58 Pilot Guide Large Aircraft Ground Deicing

AC 120-60 Ground Deicing and Anti-icing Program

AC 120-66 Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP)

AC 120-71Standard Operating Procedures and Pilot Monitoring Duties for Flight Deck

Crewmembers

AC 120-74 Parts 91, 121, 125, and 135 Flightcrew Procedures During Taxi Operations

AC 120-76 Authorization for Use of Electronic Flight Bags

AC 120-82 Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA)

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)12Section 5: References

Reference Title

AC 120-90 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA)

AC 120-100 Basics of Aviation Fatigue

AC 120-101 Part 121 Air Carrier Operational Control

AC 120-108 Continuous Descent Final Approach

AC 120-109 Stall Prevention and Recovery Training

AC 120-111 Upset Prevention and Recovery Training

AC 135-17 Pilot Guide - Small Aircraft Ground Deicing

AFM Airplane Flight Manual

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

Applicable Manufacturer's Equipment

Supplement(s)Manufacturer's Equipment Supplement(s)

Appropriate Manufacturer's Safety

NoticesSafety Notices

Chart Supplements Chart Supplements

Digital-Visual Charts (d-VC) Digital-Visual Charts (d-VC)

FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook

FAA-H-8083-2 Risk Management Handbook

FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-9 Aviation Instructor's Handbook

FAA-H-8083-15 Instrument Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-16 Instrument Procedures Handbook

FAA-H-8083-21 Helicopter Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-23 Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook

FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

FAA-H-8083-28 Aviation Weather Handbook

FAA Order 8130.2 Airworthiness Certification of Aircraft

FAA-P-8740-66 Flying Light Twins Safely

FSB Report (type specific) Flight Standardization Board Report (if available)

Helicopter Route Charts Helicopter Route Charts

IFR Enroute Charts IFR Enroute Low Altitude and IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts

NOTAMs Notices to Air Missions

PDC Profile Descent Charts

POH/AFM Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual

POH/Flight Manual Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Flight Manual

POH/RFM Pilot's Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Rotorcraft Flight Manual

QRH Quick Reference Handbook

SAFO 16016 Helicopter Stabilized Hover Checks Before Departure

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)13Section 5: References

Reference Title

SAFO 17010 Incorrect Airport Surface Approaches and Landings

STARs Standard Terminal Arrival Routes

TPP Terminal Procedures Publications

USCG Navigation Rules USCG Navigation Rules, International-Inland

VFR Navigation Charts Sectional/Terminal Aeronautical ChartsChange 1 (September 19, 2024)

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)14Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms

Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms

Note: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed below. The current edition of all FAA

publications can be found at www.faa.gov .

Acronym Description

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations

AATD Advanced Aviation Training Device

AC Advisory Circular

ACS Airman Certification Standards

ADM Aeronautical Decision-Making

ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast

ADS-C Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract

AFCS Automatic Flight Control System

AFM Airplane Flight Manual

AGL Above Ground Level

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

AIRMET Airman's Meteorological Information

AKTR Airman Knowledge Test Report

AMEL Airplane Multiengine Land

AMES Airplane Multiengine Sea

APU Auxiliary Power Unit

ASEL Airplane Single-Engine Land

ASES Airplane Single-Engine Sea

ASI Aviation Safety Inspector

ATC Air Traffic Control

ATD Aviation Training Device

ATP Airline Transport Pilot

BATD Basic Aviation Training Device

CDI Course Deviation Indicator

CDL Configuration Deviation List

CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CG Center of Gravity

CPDLC Controller–pilot data link communication

CRM Crew Resource Management

DA Decision Altitude

DDA Derived Decision Altitude

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)15Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acronym Description

DH Decision Height

DME Distance Measuring Equipment

DP Departure Procedures

EFB Electronic Flight Bag

EFC Expect Further Clearance

EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System

ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter

ETA Estimated Time of Arrival

ETL Effective Translational Lift

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FAF Final Approach Fix

FB Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast

FFS Full Flight Simulator

FMS Flight Management System

FRAT Flight Risk Assessment Tool

FSB Flight Standardization Board

FSO Flight Standards Office

FSTD Flight Simulation Training Device

FTD Flight Training Device

G Unit of Force Equal to Earth's Gravity

GBAS Ground Based Augmentation System

GFA Graphical Forecast for Aviation

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS Global Positioning System

H/V Height/Velocity

HF High Frequency

HIGE Hover in Ground Effect

HUD Head Up Display

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

ILS Instrument Landing System

IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions

INFO Information for Operators

INS Inertial Navigation System

IOS Instructor Operating Station

KOEL Kinds of Operations Equipment List

L/DMAX Lift/Drag Maximum

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)16Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acronym Description

LAHSO Land and Hold Short Operations

LNAV Lateral Navigation

LOA Letter of Authorization

LOC-I Loss of Control in Flight

LP Localizer Performance

LTE Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness

LTM Long Term Memory

MAP Missed Approach Point

MDA Minimum Descent Altitude

MEL Minimum Equipment List

METAR Aviation Routine Weather Reports (Meteorological Aerodrome Report)

MFD Multi-Function Display

MMO Maximum Operating Limit Speed as a Mach Number

NAS National Airspace System

NOTAM Notice to Air Missions

Nr Main Rotor Speed

NSP National Simulator Program

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

ODP Obstacle Departure Procedure

OEI One Engine Inoperative

PAVE Risk Management Checklist for Pilot/Aircraft/enVironment/External Factors

PFD Primary Flight Display

PIC Pilot-in-Command

PinS Copter Point in Space

PIREP Pilot Report

POA Plan of Action

POH Pilot's Operating Handbook

PTS Practical Test Standards

QPS Qualification Performance Standard

QRH Quick Reference Handbook

RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

RCAM Runway Condition Assessment Matrix

RFM Rotorcraft Flight Manual

RNAV Area Navigation

RNP Required Navigation Performance

RPM Revolutions Per Minute

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)17Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acronym Description

SAE Specialty Aircraft Examiner

SAFO Safety Alert for Operators

SATR Special Air Traffic Rules

SBAS Satellite Based Augmentation System

SBT Scenario Based Training

SFAR Special Federal Aviation Regulation

SFRA Special Flight Rules Area

SID Standard Instrument Departure

SIGMET Significant Meteorological Information

SMS Safety Management System

SRM Single-Pilot Resource Management

SRM Safety Risk Management

STAR Standard Terminal Arrival

STM Short Term Memory

SUA Special Use Airspace

TAF Terminal Area Forecast

TAWS Terrain Awareness and Warning System

TCAS Traffic Collision Avoidance System

TCDS Type Certificate Data Sheet

TCE Training Center Evaluator

TEM Threat and Error Management

TFR Temporary Flight Restrictions

TPP Terminal Procedures Publication

TUC Time of Useful Consciousness

UHF Ultra High Frequency

UIMC Unintended Instrument Meteorological Conditions

USCG United States Coast Guard

UTC Coordinated Universal Time

V1The maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action (e.g., apply

brakes, reduce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to stop the airplane within the accelerate-stop

distance. V1 also means the minimum speed in the takeoff, following a failure of the critical

engine at VEF, at which the pilot can continue the takeoff and achieve the required height above

the takeoff surface within the takeoff distance.

V2Takeoff Safety Speed

VAManeuvering speed

VDP Visual Descent Point

VFR Visual Flight Rules

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)18Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acronym Description

VMCMinimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative

VHF Very High Frequency

VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions

VMCG Minimum control speed on the ground with the critical engine inoperative

VMOMaximum Operating Limit Speed

VNENever exceed speed

VCOA Visual Climb Over Airport

VOR Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range

VRRotation speed

VREFReference Landing Speed

VRS Vortex Ring State

VSStall Speed

VSOStalling Speed or the Minimum Steady Flight Speed in the Landing Configuration

VSSESafe, intentional one-engine-inoperative speed. Originally known as safe single-engine speed

VTOL Vertical Takeoff and Landing

VXBest angle of climb airspeed

VXSEBest angle of climb speed with one engine inoperative

VYBest rate of climb speed

VYSEBest rate of climb speed with one engine inoperative.

WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)19Section 7: Practical Test Checklist (Applicant)

Section 7: Practical Test Checklist (Applicant)

Evaluator’s Name: ____________________________________________________________________

Location: ___________________________________________________________________________

Date/Time: __________________________________________________________________________

Acceptable Aircraft

†Aircraft Documents:

†Airworthiness Certificate

†Registration Certificate

†Operating Limitations

†Aircraft Maintenance Records:

†Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and Airworthiness Directives (AD) Compliance

†Pilot’s Operating Handbook and FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual

Personal Equipment

†View-Limiting Device

†Current Aeronautical Charts (printed or electronic)

†Computer and Plotter

†Flight Plan Form and Flight Logs (printed or electronic)

†Chart Supplements, Airport Diagrams, and Appropriate Publications (printed or electronic)

†Current AIM (printed or electronic)

Personal Records

†Government-Issued Identification – Photo/Signature Identification (ID)

†Pilot Certificate

†Current Medical Certificate or BasicMed Qualification (when applicable)

†Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, or completed IACRA form, FAA Form

8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application – Sport Pilot, or FAA Form 8400.3, Airman Certificate and/or

Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature, if applicable

†Airman Knowledge Test Report

†Airman’s Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements

†FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)

†Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable)

†Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)20Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes

Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes

Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes

PA.III.A.R3 Confirmation or expectation bias.

PA.IV.A.S10 Retract the water rudders, as appropriate, establish and maintain the most efficient planing/liftoff attitude,

and correct for porpoising and skipping (ASES, AMES).

PA.IV.I.S5 Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

PA.IV.K.S7 Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

PA.VIII.E.K1a Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes

PA.VIII.E.K1b Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments)

PA.VIII.E.K1c Function and operation

PA.VIII.E.K1d Proper instrument cross-check techniques

PA.VIII.E.R2 Failure to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation.

PA.VIII.E.R6 Failure to unload the wings in recovering from high G situations.

PA.VIII.F.S3 Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots.

PA.IX.C.K1a Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots

PA.IX.C.K1b Engine roughness or overheat

PA.IX.C.K1c Loss of oil pressure

PA.IX.C.K1d Fuel starvation

PA.XII.A.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

PA.XII.A.S1 Demonstrate runway incursion avoidance procedures.

PA.XII.B.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)21Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes

Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes

CA.I.F.K2f Weight and balance

CA.IV.A.S10 Retract the water rudders, as appropriate, establish and maintain the most efficient planing/liftoff attitude,

and correct for porpoising and skipping (ASES, AMES).

CA.IV.I.S5 Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

CA.IV.K.S7 Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power.

CA.IX.C.K1a Engine roughness or overheat

CA.IX.C.K1b Carburetor or induction icing

CA.IX.C.K1c Loss of oil pressure

CA.IX.C.K1d Fuel starvation

CA.XI.A.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

CA.XI.A.S1 Utilize runway incursion avoidance procedures.

CA.XI.B.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS Archived Codes

IR.IV.B.R2 Failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude and follow the proper recovery procedure.

IR.VII.C.R2 Collision hazards, to include aircraft, terrain, obstacles, wires, vehicles, vessels, persons, and wildlife.

Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating ACS Archived Codes

AA.IV.B.R2 Failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude and follow the proper recovery procedure.

AA.V.A.S2 When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment

for a stall on takeoff or while on approach in a partial flap configuration with no minimum entry altitude

defined.

AA.V.B.S2 When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment

for a stall in cruise flight with no minimum entry altitude defined.

AA.V.C.S2 When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment

for a stall when fully configured for landing with no minimum entry altitude defined.

AA.VI.F.R3 Planning for.

AA.VI.F.R3a a. Missed Approach

AA.VI.F.R3b b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)Change 2 (December 26, 2024)

ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2)22Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes

AA.VI.H.R3 Planning for.

AA.VI.H.R3a a. Missed Approach

AA.VI.H.R3b b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO)

AA.VIII.A.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.

AA.VIII.B.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.