AC 91-92 - Pilots Guide to a Preflight Briefing

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration Advisory

Circular

Subject: Pilot’s Guide to a Preflight Briefing Date: 3/15/21 AC No: 91-92

Initiated by: AFS-800 Change:

1 PURPOSE OF THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR (AC). This AC provides an

educational roadmap for the development and implementation of preflight self-briefings,

including planning, weather interpretation, and risk identification/mitigation skills. Pilots adopting these guidelines will be better prepared to interpret and utilize real- time weather

information before departure and en route, in the cockpit, via technology like Automatic Dependent Surveilla nce-Broadcast (ADS -B) and via third -party providers. This AC

provides guidance for required preflight actions under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, § 91.103

, which states, “E ach pilot in command shall,

before beginning a flight, become familiar with all available inform ation concerning that

flight.” This AC will also encourage pilots to utilize Flight Service in a consultative

capacity, when needed. The contents of this document do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public in any way. This document is intended only to provide clarity to the public regarding existing requirements under the law or agency policies.

2 AUDIENCE. This AC applies to all pilots, flight instructors, and operators , with

emphasis on operations conducted under part 91.

3 WHERE YOU CAN FIND THIS AC. You can find this AC on the Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA) website at https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circ

ulars .

4 DEFINITIONS.

4.1 Automatic Dependent Surveillance -Broadcast (ADS -B). ADS -B is a foundational

Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen ) technology that uses information

from the Global Positioning System ( GPS) satellite system to track aircraft in real -time

and improve situational awareness. The system architecture is composed of aircraft avionics and a ground infrastructure. Onboard avionics determine the position of the aircraft by usi ng the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and transmitting this

and additional information about the aircraft to ground stations for use by air traffic control ( ATC) , to ADS -B-equipped aircraft, and to other aviation service providers.

4.2 ADS -B In. ADS -B In offers traffic, weather, and flight information on permanently

mounted ADS- B In receivers or handheld receivers.

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2 4.3 ADS -B Out. ADS -B Out is a surveillance system that allow s ATC to better identify

aircraft at lower alt itudes compared to radar. This permits flight following at altitudes not

previously available, depending on the locatio n of the ADS-B ground station. ADS -B Out

provides significantly more accurate position information to ATC because it transmits the

aircraft’s GPS position (and other flight information) every second.

4.4 Crew Resource Management (CRM). CRM is a concept that involves a pilot’ s

thorough use of all available resources, both inside and outside the cockpit. This includes accessing all weather and aeronautical information relating to flight planning, preflight,

flight, and postflight.

4.5 FAA Weather Camera Program. The Weather Camera Program ,

https://weathercams.faa.gov/

, provides web- based accessibility to a network of cameras

and supplies avi ation professionals with near- real-time imagery and weather information.

4.6 Flight Information Service -Broadcast (FIS- B). FIS- B is available to aircraft that can

receive data over 978 megahertz ( MHz ) Unive rsal Access Transceiver s (UAT). FIS- B

automatically tr ansmits a wide range of weather products with national and regional

focus to all equipped aircraft.

4.7 Flight Service. Flight Service provides aeronautical information and M eteorological

Information (METI) and services to pilots before, during, and after flig ht. Flight Service

communicates directly with pilots for pilot briefings, flight plans, in -flight advisory

services, Search and R escue (SAR) initiation, aircraft emergencies, and Notices to

Airmen (NOTAM).

4.8 Flight Service Pilot Web Portal. The Flight Service Web Portal,

https://www.1800wxbrief.com , allows pilots to receive online preflight briefings, file

flight plans , and get automatic notifications and alerts, including flight plan closure

remin ders. Registering for automatic notifications and alerts keeps pilots informed when

new or adverse conditions arise, such as a severe weather forecast or observation, an airport closure, a NOTAM , or a temporary flight restriction (TFR) .

4.9 From the Flight Dec k. To help reduce the occurrence of wrong surface incidents,

runway incursions, and other high-risk events at U.S. airports, the FAA has developed the “From the Flight Deck” YouTube video series, targeted to General Aviation ( GA)

audiences. Each 4- to 5- minute video focuses on approach, landing, and taxi scenarios at

selected U.S. airports. The videos feature high-definition footage from cockpit-mounted

cameras, along with professional graphics, animations, runway diagrams, and narration to help identify an d illustrate airfield hazards and hotspots. All “From the Flight Deck”

videos are available at https://www.faa.gov/airports/runway_safety/videos/

4.10 IMSAFE Checklist. A self -assessment checkl ist to assist pilots in determining their

physical and mental health as part of planning before a flight. The acronym stands for Illness, Medication, Str ess, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotion.

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3 4.11 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). A scientifi c agency

within the U.S. Department of Commerce that focuses on the conditions of the oceans,

major waterways, and the atmosphere.

4.12 National Weather Service (NWS). The NWS is an agency tasked with providing

weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather , and other weather -related products to

organizations and the public. It is a part of NOAA.

4.13 Notices to Airmen (NOTAM). A NOTAM informs pilots of abnormal status,

unanticipated or temporary changes to services , components, or hazards in the National

Airspace System ( NAS ). Additionally, NOTAMs advise users of permanent changes or

outages until the information is published.

4.14 PAVE. Acronym for a personal minimum and preflight planning checklist that divides

the risks of flight into four categories: Pilot in comma nd, Aircraft, e nVironment, and

External pressures. Using PAVE is part of the risk management process.

4.15 Personal Minimum. A pilot’s set of procedures, rules, criteria, and guidelines that help

the pilot decide whether and under what conditions to operate or continue operating in the NAS. Personal minimums may change with pilot experience, proficiency, currency, and other factors.

4.16 Pilot Briefing. Pilot briefings are the gathering and translation of weather and

aeronautical information into a form usable by the pilot to assist in flight planning and

decision making for the safe and efficient operation of aircraft. These briefings include but are not limited to weather observations and forecasts and aeronautical information including but not limited to NOTAMs, mi litary activities, flow control information, and

TFRs.

4.17 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREP). PIREPs are a valuable source of in -flight information

regarding en route conditions including turbulence, icing, visibility, temperature, and

winds aloft. They are actual reports of weather events encountered by pilots while

airborne and on the ground that have the potential to prevent accidents and loss of life.

Reports of observed adverse weather serve as a warning to other pilots and inform ATC about potential hazards i n order to keep pilots clear of weather risks. However, PIREPs

are not just for adverse weather and should be submitted when favorable weather is encountered in areas where adverse conditions had been forecast. PIREPs help National Weather Service (NWS) meteorologists identify conditions warranting certain types of weather advisories. The NWS utilizes PIREPs to validate and adjust forecasts. Data obtained from PIREPs is also incorporated into numerical weather models, ultimately improving forecast accuracy and usefulness. They may be submitted to any ATC facility or Flight Service when en route or by telephone after landing or by electronic submission.

4.18 Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). Technology developed to assess

the integrity of GPS signals in a GPS receiver system.

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4 4.19 Self-Briefing. A self -briefing uses all means and sources of reporting, including

automation, to provide a thorough evaluation of weather and aeronautical information in

advance of flight. Available s ources are listed in Appendi x A.

4.20 Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM). SRM is the art of managing all onboard

and outside resources available to a single pilot before and during a flight to help ensure a safe and successful outcome. A part of the risk management process, identification of risk factors, and determination of personal minimums.

4.21 Weather Technology in the Cockpit (WTIC). The WTIC program is an FAA NextGen weather research program that develops minimum weather service recomme ndations for

cockpit weather information and its rendering, pilot weather training, and cockpit weather technology for incorporation into standards, guidance documents, training materials, and technical transfer or Government agencies for implementation. WTIC uses System Wide Information Management (SWIM) and ADS-B to deliver enhanced weather information, presentations and technology for the cockpit.

5 RELATED READING MATERIAL.

5.1 Guidance Materials for Pilots.

1. Leidos Flight Servi ce (the FAA -contracted Flight Service provider/resource):

https://www.1800wxbrief.com

Note: Pilots are encouraged to establish an online account with Leidos to

obtain enhanced weather and aeronautical information and services.

2. Leidos Flight Service Briefing Videos:

• Preflight B riefing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=br2D6Cg9oFg&list=PLJfj

hkAOKxKucil -m9ZPLgT9MfM38ibrY&index=1 .

• Adverse Weather Briefing: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BL71Rr0IGY&l

ist=PLJfjhkAOKxKucil -m9ZPLgT9MfM38ibrY&index=3 .

• International Civil Aviation Organiza tion (ICAO) Flight Plan Filing:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZPXpbAKShg&list=PLJfjhkAOKxKucil-

m9ZPLgT9MfM38ibrY&index=2 .

3. Aeronautical Charts :

• Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Charts: https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aer

onav/productcatalog/vfrcharts/ .

• Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Charts: https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/

aeronav/productcatalog/IFRCharts/ .

4. Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM):

https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/ .

5. Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP): https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publicati

ons/atpubs/aip_html/index.html .

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5 6. Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083- 3B): https://www.faa.gov/regulations_polic

ies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/airplane_handbook/media/airplane_flying_handboo

k.pdf .

7. Alaskan Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU): https://www.weather.gov/aawu .

8. AVCAM (Aviation Weather Camera- Alaska/Canada/Colorado):

https://weathercams.faa.gov/ .

9. Aviation Instructor’s Handbook (FAA-H-8083-9): https://www.faa.gov/regulations_p

olicies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/aviation_instructors_handbook/ .

10. Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)/Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)

Key: https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/sy

stemops/fs/alaskan/alaska/fai/weather/media/METAR_KEY.pdf .

11. Aviation Weather Center: https://www.aviationweather.gov (the Graphical Forecasts

for Aviation (GFA) tool gives a comprehensive picture of weather that may impact a flight).

12. Digital- Chart Supplements (d -CS) (formerly Airport/Facility Directories): https://ww

w.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/dafd/ .

13. FAA NOTAM s Search: https://notams.aim.faa.gov/notamSearch/ .

• International NOTAMs : https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/international

notices/ .

• Domestic Notices: https://www .faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/domesticnotices/ .

• Airport Construction Notices: https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/

Aero_Data/Apt_Constr_Not ices/.

Note: The Federal NOTAM System (FNS) will automate the publication of

Airport Construction Notices. At that time, the Airport Construction Notices web page will be disabled and users will be redirected to the FNS NOTAM Search web page.

14. From the Flight Dec k Videos: https://www.faa.gov/airports/runway_safety/videos/

15. NWS: https://www.weather.gov/aviation/ .

16. NWS Glossary (NOAA): https://www.weather.gov/glossary/ .

17. PAVE Personal Minimums Checklist: https://www.faa.gov/t raining_testing/training/fi

ts/guidance/media/personal%20minimums%20checklist.pdf .

18. Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK) (FAA-H-8083- 25B):

https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/phak/media/pi

lot_handbook.pdf .

19. Risk Management Handbook ( FAA-H-8083-2): https://www.faa.gov/regulations_poli

cies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/media/risk_management_hb_change_1.pdf .

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6 5.2 ACs. The current editions of the following ACs contain useful weather information for

pilots :

1. AC 00-6 , Aviation Weather.

2. AC 00-45 , Aviation Weather Services.

3. AC 00-63 , Use of Flight Deck Displays of Digital Weather and Aeronautical

Information .

4. AC 90-114 , Automatic Dependent Surveillance -Broadcast Operations .

5. AC 107-2 , Small Unmanned Aircraft System ( Small UAS) .

6 BACKGROUND AND SCOPE.

6.1 Flight S ervice ( https://www.1800wxbrief.com ) provides service and value to users of the

NAS, leveraging advanced technologies to safely and efficiently deliver Flight Service s

in the continental United States (CONUS), Ha waii, Puerto Rico, and Alaska. Flight

Service provides continuous assessment of F light Services based on feedback and

continued research and development of new aviation technology to enhance efficiency

and add value for pilots. Flight Service increases aviation safety by making aeronautical information and METI accessible where and whe n you need it with the evolution of pilot

weather briefings conducted using automated resources.

6.2 The FAA encourages innovation in the delivery of services to pilots. User preferences for automation and new distribution methods make communication with pilot s easier and

faster. Pilots are encouraged to utilize online automated weather resources to conduct self-briefings prior to contacting Flight Service. Pilots who have preflight weather/risk

assessment and risk mitigation skills are better prepared to make in -flight decisions as

real-time we ather information is consumed. This allows Flight Service to become a

consultative resource th at can be utilized when needed.

6.3 Developing self -briefing skills helps to identify areas that require closer investigation .

The more doubtful the weather, the more information you need to obtain about the route, runway conditions, and destination and alternate airports. The use of all resources, combined with Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) and R isk-Based D ecision

Making (RBDM) skills , will help the pilot be better prepared to conduct flights safely in

the NAS.

7 GENERAL OPERATING PRACTICES.

7.1 Preflight Actions. As part of the preflight familiarization with all available information

concerning a flight, each pilot should review all appropriate sources (including but not limited to Chart Supplements, the AIM, and NOTAMs), for pertinent information on current traff ic patterns at the departure and arrival airports, airport environment, routing,

departure and approach procedures, NOTAM s, weather, GNSS availability (if required),

crew duties, standard cockpit procedures ( e.g., transferring aircraft control), protected

phrases, potential emergencies and their remedies, alternates and alternative mission options, fuel and timing, and Take Off and Landing Data (TOLD) speeds. Preflight

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7 actions are a rehearsal of the whole flight with contingencies added. Pilots should use a

checklist to ensure they do not miss any area of the operation (see Appendix B for a

sample preflight checklist) . For many GA pilots, the Flight Service Station (FSS) remains

an important source of comprehens ive weather and aeronautical information. However,

most pilots have become more accustomed to performing a self -briefing than calling an

FSS. The FAA considers that a self -briefing may be compliant with current Federal

aviation r egulations. By self -briefing, pilots can often improve their knowledge of

weather and aeronautical information. Flight Service personnel are available should a

pilot need assistance.

7.2 Types of Briefings.

7.2.1 Standard Briefing. A s tandard briefing will include conditions and S ignif icant

Meteorological I nformation (SIGMET) that may influence the pilot in planning, altering,

or cancelling a proposed route or flight.

7.2.2 Abbreviated Briefing . An a bbreviated briefing supplements mass disseminated data or

updates a previous briefing, or is l imited to specific information.

7.2.3 Outlook Briefing. An outlook briefing should be obtained when the proposed departure is

6 hours or more from the time of the briefing. This type of briefing is provided for

planning purposes only.

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8 Table 1. Briefing Types

Briefing Type Value Time Frame

Outlook • Provides weather information that is available

in advance

• For planning purposes when departure is

6 hours or more from the time of the briefing

• Gives you an indication of which weather

elements m ay be a factor for your flight 6–48 hours before flight

Standard • Provides a complete and detailed depiction of

the weather elements for the intended flight

• Pilot will have a clear indication of the weather -related risk factors for the flight • Within 6 hours of flight

• Can be obtained multiple times for flights during dynamic

weather

Abbreviated • Provides pilot s with updated information for

specific weather elements

• Focuses on the more dynamic weather elements that may have changed since the standard weather briefing was obtained

• Helps pilots focus on the specific risk areas for

the intended flight in an efficient manner

• Allows pilot s to be proactive in reacting to

changing weather while in flight As soon as practical before flight

7.3 Briefing Sources.

Briefing Type Online ( Self-Brief) Flight Service In-Cockpit Technology

Outlook X X

Standard X X

Abbreviated X X X

7.3.1 Flight Service offers three basic briefing packages (these may be offered by third -party

providers as well ):

• Standard (for a comprehensive weather and aeronautical information briefing),

• Abbreviated (to update specific items), and

• Outlook (for flights departing in 6 or more hours ).

Note: The following resources and checklists are suggested aids to help pilots

conduct a thorough self- briefing and ensure they do not miss any area of preflight

preparation.

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9 7.4 Standard Briefing Checklist. Gather all information for the intended flight prior to

conducting an initial self-briefing:

• Type of flight planned (IFR/VFR).

• Aircraft identification .

• Aircraft type .

• Departure point.

• Route of flight.

• Destination (alternate airports if needed).

• Flight altitude(s).

• Estimated time of departure (ETD) and estimated time en route (ETE).

7.4.1 Online Sources. Use online sources for weather and aeronautical information to obtain

the following data applicable to the proposed flight.

7.4.1.1 Adverse Conditions. Include this element when meteorological or

aeronautical conditions are reported or forecast that might influence the pilot

to alter the proposed flight, such as:

1. Low-level wind shear .

2. Thunderstorms.

3. Reported icing .

4. Frontal zones along the route of flight.

5. NOTAMs ( e.g., airport/runway closures, air traffic delays, and TFR s).

6. Weather advisories:

• SIGMETs.

• Airmen’s Meteorological Information (AIRMET ).

• Convective SIGMETs .

• Center Weather Advisories (CWA) .

• Aviation W atch Notification Messages.

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10 7.4.1.2 Online FAA Resources. In addition to other online aviation flight planning

services, the following are online FAA resources for adverse conditions:

• Leidos : https://www.1800wxbrief.com .

Note: This is available through a Leidos online account.

• Aviation Weather Center (AWC) : https://www.aviationweather.gov .

• National Weather Service (NWS ) Storm Prediction Center :

https://www.spc.noaa.gov .

• Alaska Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU): https://www.weather.gov/aawu/ .

7.4.1.3 Synopsis. Review the type, location, and movement of weather systems

and/or air masses that might affect the proposed flight by using s urface

analysis, w eather depictions, r adar summary, and constant pressure charts. In

addition to other online aviation flight planning services, the following are

online FAA resources for synopse s:

• Leidos.

• AWC .

• NWS .

7.4.1.4 Current Conditions. Review current observations, including Aviation

Routine Weather Reports ( METAR ), PIREPs, and satellite and radar imagery.

Review information at the departure, along the route, and at the destination. This element may be omitted if the proposed time of departure is beyond 2 hours. In addition to other online aviation flight planning s ervices, the

following are online FAA re sources for current conditions:

• Leidos.

• AWC .

7.4.1.5 En Route Forecast. Review forecast information that may affect the

proposed flight (e.g., GFA for CONUS, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico users, Area Forecasts (FA) for Alaska users, TAF s, prognosis charts, weather

advisories, GNSS, or RAIM predictions). Review informa tion in a logical

order ( i.e., climbout, en route, and descent). In addition to other online

aviation flight planning services, the following are online FAA r esources for

en route forecasts :

• Leidos.

• AWC .

• NWS .

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11 7.4.1.6 Destination Forecast. Review the destination forecast , including significant

changes expected within 1 hour before and after the estimated time of arrival

(ETA). Select an alternate airport if needed . In addition to other online

aviation flight planning services, the following are online FAA resources for destination forecasts:

• Leidos .

• AWC.

• NWS .

7.4.1.7 Winds Aloft. Review forecast winds aloft for the flight using degrees of the

compass. Interpolate wind direction s and speeds between levels and stations,

noting any large shifts in speeds or direction as a means to identify wind shifts. Check temperature information if needed. In addition to other online

aviation flight planning services, the following are online FAA resources for

winds aloft :

• Leidos.

• AWC .

7.4.1.8 NOTAM s. Check NOTAM information affecting the flight. This includes:

• Domestic NOTAMs .

• International NOTAMs (when flight extends beyond U.S. airspace) .

• Special Use Airspace (SUA) NOTAMs (e.g., restricted areas, aerial refueling, night vision goggles (NVG) operations, military operations areas, military training routes, and warning areas) .

• NOTAMs for field c onditions (FICON).

7.4.1.8.1 In addition to other online aviation flight planning services, the following are online FAA resources for NOTAMs:

• Leidos .

• TFRs : https://tfr.faa.gov/tfr2/list.html

• Published NOTAM s (the Notice to Airmen Publication (NTAP) was

discontinued effective June 18, 2020) : https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/pub

lications/notices/ .

7.4.1.9 Restricted Airspace or Special Use Airspace ( SUA) . These include

Prohibited Areas P -40 and P -56 and the Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) for

Washington, DC. Include these when pe rtinent to the route of flight.

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12 Note: VFR flight within 60 miles of the DCA very high frequency

omni -directional range station/distance measuring equipment

(VOR/DME ) requires special awareness training , which can be

accessed through the FAA Safety Team’s (FAASTeam) website at

https://www.faasafety.gov/ .

7.4.1.10 ATC Delays. Look for any ATC delays and/or flow control advisories that

might affect the pro posed flight. In addition to other online aviation flight

planning services, the following are online FAA resources for ATC delays:

• Air Traffi c Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) : https://www.fly

.faa.gov/flyfaa/usmap.jsp .

• FAA Mobile : https://www.faa.gov/mobile/ .

• Aviation Information System (AIS):

https://www.fly.faa.gov/ais/jsp/ais.jsp .

Note: Users would subscribe to this service.

7.4.1.11 Additional Preflight Items to Consider:

• Published SUAs (not included in NOTAMs) : https://sua.faa.gov/sua/siteFr

ame.app .

• Density altitude data.

• Information regarding A ir Traffic Service (ATS) and rules, customs and

immigration procedures, A ir Defense I dentification Z one (ADIZ) rules,

and SAR.

• Military NOTAMs .

• Special f light data center (FDC) instru ment approach procedure changes.

• FDC NOTAMs containing amendments to airways, airports, and facility

IFR procedures and general information.

• TFRs .

• Airport c onstruction /runway and taxiway closures.

• Airport/runway hot spots.

7.5 Abbreviated Briefing Checklist . An abbreviated briefing is specific information to

update a previous briefing. The following data should be checked even when only

specific information is needed:

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13 • Any updates to adverse conditions that are reported or forec ast along the route of

flight .

• Changes in meteorological and aeronautical condit ions since the previous briefin g.

• TFR updates since the previous briefing .

7.6 Outlook Briefing Checklist. Review the following ite ms when the departure time is

6 hours or more away:

• Reported or forecast meteorological or aeronautical conditions that might influence or

alter the proposed flight. These conditions may include low -level wind shear,

thunderstorms, reported icing, frontal zones along the route of flight, and NOTAMs (e.g., airport/runway closures, air traffic delays, and TFRs) .

• Weather advisories (SIGMETs, AIRMETs, Convective SI GMETs, CWA s, and

Aviation Watch Notification Messages) .

• Synopsis. Review the type, location, and movement of weather systems and/or air masses that might affect the proposed flight.

• En route f orecast. Review forecast information that will affect the proposed flight

(e.g., GFAs , TAFs, prognosis charts, and weather advisories) . Review information in

a logical order ( i.e., cl imbout, en route, and descent ).

• Destination forecast (s). Review the desti nation forecast , including significant changes

expected within 1 hour before and after the ETA. Include an alternate airport forecast

if an alternate airport is deemed necessary.

7.7 Additional Tools —NextGen, WTIC, and FIS- B. With the aid of technology

(e.g., ADS -B In), pilots can receive weather information in the cockpit. It is important to

understand the proper use of METI and the operational shortfalls to enable consistent and

effective pilot decision making relative to adverse weather. Next generation weat her

radar (NEXRAD) is made up of a mosaic of data sets that can be 15 to 20 minutes old by

the time they are assembl ed and displayed in a cockpit. This latency may contribute to a

pilot’s inability to correlate, interpret, and apply weather information related to VFR into

instrument meteorological conditions (IMC ) weather factors (e.g., convection, icing,

lowered ceilings, quickly emerging weather events, and precipitation ), to real -time flight

scenarios. However, having current weather and aeronautical inf ormation in the cockpit

can help pilots plan more safe and efficient flightpaths, and make better strategic decisions during flight to avoid potentially hazardous developing weather. FIS-B is a part

of the ADS -B system that automatically transmits a wide r ange of weather products

available in the cockpit through the NWS:

• AIRm en’s METeorological Information (AIRMET).

• SIGnificant METeorological Information (SIGMET) and Convective SIGMET .

• Aviation Routine Weather Reports (METAR) and SPECIal Report of Meteorological

Conditions (SPECI) .

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14 • Next generation weather r adar (NEXRAD), regional and national.

• Notice to Airmen (NOTAM).

Note: FIS-B METI and aeronautical information do not include all of the

weather products or NOTAMs. As a result, FIS -B METI and aeronautical

information may not include all of the weather products or NOTAMs that a

preflight briefing includes. NOTAM information i s limited to the past

30 days. TFR NOTAMs and NOTAMs with end dates will not be purged after

30 days.

• Pilot Report (PIREP).

• Special Use Airspace (SUA) Status.

• Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) .

• Winds and Temperature Aloft.

• Traffic Information Services -Broadcast (TIS -B).

• Lightning.

• Turbulence.

• Icing .

• Cloud Tops.

• Graphical AIRMET .

• CWA .

8 SAFETY- RELATED DO ’S AND DON’ TS.

8.1 Do:

1. Establish personal minimums that reflect your level of proficiency.

2. Plan ahead and obtain an outlook briefing.

3. Obtain a standard briefing as close to your departure time as possible.

4. Obtain an abbreviated briefing just before takeoff if your standard briefing is 1 hour or more old or if the weather is questionable.

5. Allow more margin for weather at night. Clouds and the horizon may be difficult or

impossible to see on dark nights. Always stay above the highest terrain until a safe landing is assured.

6. Check PI REPs, NOTAM s, AIRM ETs, and SIGMETs.

7. Consider VFR flight following (ATC workload permitting).

8. Consider filing a VFR flight plan.

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15 9. Have a contingency plan for alternates if unexpected circumstances arise.

10. Be familiar with any applicable disclaimers related to the accu racy of the information

provided by the subscribed commercial service.

8.2 Don’t:

1. Plan flights that e xceed your personal minimums or level of proficiency.

2. Plan flights in or near current or forecast convective activity.

3. Fly in or near thunderstorms. Scattered thunderstorms may be safely

circumnavigated, but do not try to fly through or under one or closer than 20 nm) from one.

4. Continue VFR into IMC . Instead, w ait it out or turn around if you find en route

weather lowering below your personal limits.

5. Forget that areas en route, or even near airports, may be below VFR minimums, even

though reporting stations are at or near VFR minimums. Be especially cautious when the temperature and dewpoint spread is 3 °C or less: fog may form.

6. Proceed “on top,” hoping to find a hole in the clouds at the other end or hoping to get ATC to talk you down if you get caught on top.

7. Fly into areas of rain when the air temperature is near freezing. Ice can form on the windshield, impairing forward vision, and on the wings, which can dec rease aircraft

performance, as well as other aircraft control, lifting, and non lifting surfaces

(e.g., propellers, tail surfaces, or intakes).

Remember: Flight into known icing conditions is prohibited for all aircraft

not properly certificated for flight in icing conditions or not properly equipped

with ice protection equipment.

8. Hesitate to declare an emergency with ATC whenever the safety of flight is at risk.

9. Plan on using cockpit weather displays as a tactical means of navigating through convective weat her.

9 AC FEEDBACK FORM. For your convenience, the AC Feedback Form is the last page

of this AC. Note any deficiencies found, clarifications needed, or suggested improvements regarding the contents of this AC on the Feedback Form.

Robert C

. Carty

Deputy Executive Director, Flight Standards Service

3/15/21 AC 91 -92

Appendix A

A-1 APPENDIX A. STANDARD BRIEFING ELEMENTS AND RESOURCES

Element Important Checklist Items Value to Pilot

1) Adverse

Conditions • Weather Advisories

• NOTAMs/FICONs

• PIREPs

• AIRMETs:

o Icing

o Turbulence

o IFR

o Thunderstorms

• SIGMET:

o Convective Activity

o Low-Level Wind Shear Adverse conditions can be

meteorological or aeronautical

conditions that are reported or forecast that might influence the pilot to alter the proposed flight (e.g., low-level wind

shear, thunderstorms, reported icing, turbulence, frontal zones along the route of flight, and NOTAMs such as

airport/runway closures/conditions, air traffic delays, or TFRs ).

2) Synopsis • Frontal System, Location, and

Movement

• Air Mass

• IFR Conditions Determine when conditions may change

based on location, movement , and speed

of frontal system. This provides a picture for current and forecast weather conditions and whether VFR flight

should be taken .

3) Current

Conditions • Current We ather Reports for Departure,

En Route, and Destination

• PIREPs Check the current weather along the

route and any PIREPs of actual weather

conditions that occurred in flight .

4) Forecast

Conditions • Forecast Weather :

o Departure Forecast

o En Route Forecast

o Destination Forecast A forecast is information that will affect

the entire proposed flight and should be

reviewed in logical order ( i.e., c limbout

or departure, en route , and descent or

destination). The destination forecast

includes significant changes ex pected

within 1 hour before and after the ETA.

5) Winds

Aloft • Winds Aloft Forecast

• Temperature at Proposed Altitude A winds aloft forecast provides winds

aloft for the proposed altitude using degrees of the compass. Winds should be

averaged or interpolate d if flying

between reported levels . Temperature

information is useful to help determine

icing levels.

6) Notices to

Airmen

(NOTAM) • Departure

• En Route

• Destination

• Alternate Airport(s) NOTAMs provide information that may

have an impact along any part of the route of flight , such as airport and other

aeronautical conditions. Other

information to check includes TFRs, SUAs, ATC delays, Airport Construction Notices, and Prohibited Areas P -40

(Camp David) and P-56

(Washington, DC) and the SFRA for

Washington, DC, if pertinent to the

route.

3/15/21 AC 91 -92

Appendix A

A-2

Adverse

Synopsis

Current

Conditions

Forecast

Conditions

Winds

Aloft

NOTAMs

PIREPs

Source Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Products

https:// 1800wxbrief.com Leidos Flight Service —

FAA Contract Vendor Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Interactive Maps, Flight Planning and

Briefings, winds aloft , Airport Information .

https://aviationweather .gov NOAA/Government

website for aviation

weather Y Y Y Y Y Y AIRMET/SIGMET Map, Graphical

AIRMET, GFA Tool, Radar, METARs,

TAFs, CWA, PIREPs .

https://weathercams.faa.gov Alaska , Canada , and

Colorado Y Y Y METAR s, TAF s, PIREP s/AIRMET s.

https://www.weather.gov/aawu AAWU

Y Y Y Y Y AIRMET/SIGMET Map, Graphical

AIRMET, GFA Tool, Radar, METARs,

TAFs, CWA, PIREPs .

https://sua .faa.gov SUAs Y Text List and Graphic Maps for SUAs in

ATC Centers, States, Airports .

https://www.spc.noaa.gov/ NOAA Storm

Prediction Center Y Y Convective Outlook, Storm Reports,

National Radar .

https://www.ncep.noaa.gov/ National Centers for

Environmental

Prediction (NCEP) Y Y Y Y Y AIRMET/SIGMET Map, Graphical

AIRMET, GFA Tool, Radar, METARs, TAFs.

Note: Link to https://aviationweather .gov.

https://tfr.faa.gov/tfr2/list.html TFRs

Y Y TFR List, TFR Map, TFR Airports, All

NOTAM s.

Note: Link to https://sua .faa.gov .

https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ National Hurricane

Center ( NHC) Y Y Y The NHC issues forecasts on tropical

weather systems.

https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ Weather Prediction

Center (WPC) Y Y Y The WPC provides analysis and forecast

products on a national scale, including

surface pressure and frontal analyses .

https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC

/vaac.html Volcanic Ash Advisory

Center s (VAAC) Y Y NOAA operates two VAAC s, which issue

forecasts of ash clouds following a volcanic

eruption in their area of responsibility.

https://www.weather.gov/hfo/ NWS Forecast Office

Honolulu, Hawaii Y Y Y Y Y Provides all weather products, except

NOTAM s and PIREP s, for Hawaii.

3/15/21 AC 91 -92

Appendix A

A-3

Adverse

Synopsis

Current

Conditions

Forecast

Conditions

Winds

Aloft

NOTAMs

PIREPs

Source Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Products

https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/ Space Weather

Prediction Center

(SWPC) Y Y The SWPC provides alerts, watches,

warnings and forecasts for space weather events ( e.g., solar storms) affecting or

expected to affect Earth ’s environment .

https://notams.aim.faa.gov/ notam

search / Federal NOTAM

System (FNS) Y Y Provides airport and runway closures and all

other NOTAMs.

https://tfr.faa.gov/tfr2/list.html TFRs Y

https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/pu

blications/notices/ Published NOTAM s

(the Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP)

was discontinued

effective June 18, 2020) Y

https://www.fly.faa.gov/flyfaa/us

map.jsp Air Traffic Control

System Command

Center (ATCSCC) Y ATC delays and/or flow control advisories .

https://www.faa.gov/mobile/ FAA Mobile Y ATC delays and/or flow control advisories .

https://www.fly.faa.gov/ais/jsp/ai

s.jsp

Note: Users must subscribe to this

service . Aviation Information

System (AIS) Y ATC delays and/or flow control advisories .

https://sua.faa.gov/sua/siteFrame.

app Published SUAs Y Additional information on SUAs not

included in NOTAMs.

https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/fli

ght_info/aeronav/Aero_Data/Apt

_Constr_Notices/ FAA Airport

Construction Notices

Y Y Visual depictions of airport construction

NOTAM s on the affected airport diagram .

Note: The Federal NOTAM System (FNS)

will automate the publication of Airport Construction Notices. At that time, the

Airport Construction Notices web page will be disabled a nd users will be redirected to the

FNS NOTAM Search web page.

3/15/21 AC 91 -92

Appendix A

A-4

Adverse

Synopsis

Current

Conditions

Forecast

Conditions

Winds

Aloft

NOTAMs

PIREPs

Source Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Products

https://www.faa.gov/airports/run

way_safety/videos/ FAA From the Flight

Deck Videos Y Additional information on airport hot spots

and other safety concerns.

https://sapt.faa.gov/default.php Service Availability

Prediction Tool (SAPT) Y Provides availability of ADS -B, ADS -B

Deviation Authorization Pre -Flight Tool

(ADAPT ), and RAIM .

3/15/21 AC 91 -92

Appendix B

B-1 APPENDIX B. SAMPLE PREFLIGHT CHECKLIST

B.1 Outlook Briefing Elements (more than 6 hours until departure) . Check for reported

or forecast meteorological or aeronautical conditions that might influence or alter the

proposed flight.

☐ Weather advisories (SIGMET, AIRMET, convective SIGMETs, CWAs , and

Aviati on Watch Notification Messages)

☐ Synopsis (type, location, and movement of weather systems and/or air masses)

☐ En route and destination forecast (alternate if needed)

☐ NOTAMs ( e.g., airport/runway closures, air traffic delays, and TFRs)

B.2 Standard Briefing Elements .

☐ Adverse conditions (e.g., weather advisories , low-level wind shear , thunderstorms ,

icing, and frontal zones)

☐ Synopsis

☐ Current weather

☐ En route, destination, and alternate forecasts

☐ Winds aloft

☐ NOTAMs, TFRs , and PIREPs

☐ P40 (Camp David) and P56 (Washing ton DC) ; Washington , DC SFRA (if

applicable)

☐ ATC delays

B.3 Abbreviated Briefing Elements (update on changes , up to 2 hours prior to flight).

☐ Check updates to adverse conditions (reported or forecast) along the route of flight

☐ Check for any changes in meteorological and aeronautical conditions

B.4 Non-Weather- Related Checklist Items.

☐ IMSAFE

☐ PAVE

☐ Personal minimums

☐ Fuel requirements

☐ Alternate airports

☐ Traffic delays

☐ Takeoff and landing distance information for airports

☐ Aircraft performance items (e.g., airport elevation, runway slope and conditions,

and Weight and Balance )

☐ RAIM check

Advisory Circular Feedback Form

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new items/subjects to be added, you may let us know by contacting the General Aviation and

Commercial Division (AFS-800) at 9-AFS-800-Correspond ence@faa.gov or the Flight

Standards Directives Management Officer at 9-AWA-AFB-120-Directives@faa.gov .

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