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14 CFR365 sections

14 CFR Part 061 - Certification - Pilots Flight and Ground Instructors

Reproduced for study. Always verify against the official GACAR at gaca.gov.sa.

Ask Captain Adel about this

459 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 61

N1 Low Pressure Rotor revolutions per

minute, expressed in percent of maximum.

N2 High Pressure Rotor revolutions per

minute, expressed in percent of maximum.

N3 High Pressure Rotor revolutions per

minute, expressed in percent of maximum.

NWA Nosewheel Angle (degrees). OGE Out of ground effect. PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator

System.

Pf Impact or Feel Pressure, often expressed

as ‘‘q.’’

PLA Power Lever Angle. PLF Power for Level Flight. psi pounds per square inch. QPS Qualification Performance Standard.

QTG Qualification Test Guide. RAE Royal Aerospace Establishment. R/C Rate of Climb (meters/sec or feet/min). R/D Rate of Descent (meters/sec or feet/

min).

REIL Runway End Identifier Lights. RVR Runway Visual Range (meters or

feet).

s second(s). sec(s) second, seconds. sm Statute Mile(s) 1 Statute Mile = 5,280

feet.

SMGCS Surface Movement Guidance and

Control System.

SOC Statement of Compliance and Capa-

bility.

SOQ Statement of Qualification. TIR Type Inspection Report. TLOF Touchdown and Loft Off area. T/O Takeoff. VASI Visual Approach Slope Indicator Sys-

tem.

VGS Visual Ground Segment. V

1Decision speed.

V2Takeoff safety speed.

Vmc Minimum Control Speed. Vmca Minimum Control Speed in the air. Vmcg Minimum Control Speed on the

ground.

Vmcl Minimum Control Speed—Landing. Vmu The speed at which the last main

landing gear leaves the ground.

RRotate Speed.

VSStall Speed or minimum speed in the

stall.

WAT Weight, Altitude, Temperature.

ENDQPS R EQUIREMENTS

[Docket FAA–2002–12461, 73 FR 26490, May 9,

2008, as amended by Docket FAA–2022–1355, Amdt. 60–7, 87 FR 75845, Dec. 9, 2022]

PART 61—CERTIFICATION: PILOTS,

FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND INSTRUCTORS

EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

part 61 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92483, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-

fective Jan. 21, 2025.

SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO.

Subpart A—General

Sec.

61.1 Applicability and definitions. 61.2 Exercise of Privilege. 61.3 Requirement for certificates, ratings,

and authorizations.

61.4 Qualification and approval of flight

simulators and flight training devices.

61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under

this part.

61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings. 61.8 Inapplicability of unmanned aircraft

operations.

61.9 [Reserved] 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and

reissuance.

61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, rat-

ings, and authorizations.

61.14 Incorporation by Reference. 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs. 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or

to furnish test results.

61.17 Temporary certificate. 61.18 [Reserved] 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor cer-

tificates and privileges.

61.21 Duration of a Category II and a Cat-

egory III pilot authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 use).

61.23 Medical certificates: Requirement and

duration.

61.25 Change of name. 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of

certificate.

61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed air-

man or medical certificate or knowledge test report.

61.31 Type rating requirements, additional

training, and authorization require-ments.

61.33 Tests: General procedure. 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and

passing grades.

61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other

unauthorized conduct.

61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests. 61.40 Relief for U.S. military and civilian

personnel who are assigned outside the United States in support of U.S. Armed Forces operations.

61.41 Flight training received from flight

instructors not certificated by the FAA.

61.43 Practical tests: General procedures. 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and

equipment.

61.47 Status of an examiner who is author-

ized by the Administrator to conduct practical tests.

61.49 Retesting after failure. 61.51 Pilot logbooks.

460 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) Pt. 61

61.52 Use of aeronautical experience ob-

tained in ultralight vehicles.

61.53 Prohibition on operations during med-

ical deficiency.

61.55 Second-in-command qualifications. 61.56 Flight review. 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in com-

mand.

61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check:

Operation of an aircraft that requires more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered.

61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alter-

ation of applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, or records.

61.60 Change of address.

Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and Pilot

Authorizations

61.61 Applicability.

61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than

for ratings at the airline transport pilot certification level).

61.64 Use of a flight simulator and flight

training device.

61.65 Instrument rating requirements. 61.66 Enhanced Flight Vision System Pilot

Requirements.

61.67 Category II pilot authorization re-

quirements.

61.68 Category III pilot authorization re-

quirements.

61.69 Glider and unpowered ultralight vehi-

cle towing: Experience and training re-quirements.

61.71 Graduates of an approved training pro-

gram other than under this part: Special rules.

61.73 Military pilots or former military pi-

lots: Special rules.

61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on the

basis of a foreign pilot license.

61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization:

Operation of a civil aircraft of the United States and leased by a non-U.S. citizen.

Subpart C—Student Pilots

61.81 Applicability. 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student

pilots.

61.85 Application. 61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots. 61.89 General limitations. 61.91 [Reserved] 61.93 Solo cross-country flight require-

ments.

61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer-

tificate or a recreational pilot certifi-cate: Operations at airports within, and in airspace located within, Class B, C, and D airspace, or at airports with an operational control tower in other air-space.

61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at

airports located within Class B airspace. Subpart D—Recreational Pilots

61.96 Applicability and eligibility require-

ments: General.

61.97 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.98 Flight proficiency. 61.99 Aeronautical experience. 61.100 Pilots based on small islands. 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and lim-

itations.

Subpart E—Private Pilots

61.102 Applicability.

61.103 Eligibility requirements: General. 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.107 Flight proficiency. 61.109 Aeronautical experience. 61.110 Night flying exceptions. 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on

small islands.

61.113 Private pilot privileges and limita-

tions: Pilot in command.

61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations. 61.117 Private pilot privileges and limita-

tions: Second in command of aircraft re-quiring more than one pilot.

61.118–61.120 [Reserved]

Subpart F—Commercial Pilots

61.121 Applicability.

61.123 Eligibility requirements: General. 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.127 Flight proficiency. 61.129 Aeronautical experience. 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying re-

quirements.

61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limi-

tations.

61.135–61.141 [Reserved]

Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots

61.151 Applicability. 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General. 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.156 Training requirements: Airplane cat-

egory—multiengine class or multiengine airplane type rating concurrently with an airline transport pilot certificate.

61.157 Flight proficiency. 61.158 [Reserved] 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane

category rating.

61.160 Aeronautical experience—airplane

category restricted privileges.

61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft

category and helicopter class rating.

61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift

category rating.

61.165 Additional aircraft category and class

ratings.

61.167 Airline transport pilot privileges and

limitations.

61.169 Letters of authorization for institu-

tions of higher education.

61.170–61.171 [Reserved]

461 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 61

Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other Than

Flight Instructors With a Sport Pilot Rating

61.181 Applicability.

61.183 Eligibility requirements. 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.187 Flight proficiency. 61.189 Flight instructor records. 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings. 61.193 Flight instructor privileges. 61.195 Flight instructor limitations and

qualifications.

61.197 Recent experience requirements for

flight instructor certification.

61.199 Reinstatement of flight instructor

privileges.

61.201 [Reserved]

Subpart I—Ground Instructors

61.211 Applicability.

61.213 Eligibility requirements. 61.215 Ground instructor privileges. 61.217 Recent experience requirements.

Subpart J—Sport Pilots

61.301 What is the purpose of this subpart

and to whom does it apply?

61.303 If I want to operate a light-sport air-

craft, what operating limits and endorse-ment requirements in this subpart must I comply with?

61.305 What are the age and language re-

quirements for a sport pilot certificate?

61.307 What tests do I have to take to obtain

a sport pilot certificate?

61.309 What aeronautical knowledge must I

have to apply for a sport pilot certifi-cate?

61.311 What flight proficiency requirements

must I meet to apply for a sport pilot certificate?

61.313 What aeronautical experience must I

have to apply for a sport pilot certifi-cate?

61.315 What are the privileges and limits of

my sport pilot certificate?

61.317 Is my sport pilot certificate issued

with aircraft category and class ratings?

61.319 [Reserved] 61.321 How do I obtain privileges to operate

an additional category or class of light- sport aircraft?

61.323 [Reserved] 61.325 How do I obtain privileges to operate

a light-sport aircraft at an airport with-in, or in airspace within, Class B, C, and D airspace, or in other airspace with an airport having an operational control tower?

61.327 Are there specific endorsement re-

quirements to operate a light-sport air-craft based on V

H? Subpart K—Flight Instructors With a Sport

Pilot Rating

61.401 What is the purpose of this subpart?

61.403 What are the age, language, and pilot

certificate requirements for a flight in-structor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.405 What tests do I have to take to obtain

a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.407 What aeronautical knowledge must I

have to apply for a flight instructor cer-tificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.409 What flight proficiency requirements

must I meet to apply for a flight instruc-tor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.411 What aeronautical experience must I

have to apply for a flight instructor cer-tificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.412 Do I need additional training to pro-

vide instruction on control and maneu-

vering an airplane solely by reference to the instruments in a light-sport aircraft based on V

61.413 What are the privileges of my flight

instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.415 What are the limits of a flight in-

structor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.417 Will my flight instructor certificate

with a sport pilot rating list aircraft cat-egory and class ratings?

61.419 How do I obtain privileges to provide

training in an additional category or class of light-sport aircraft?

61.421 May I give myself an endorsement? 61.423 What are the recordkeeping require-

ments for a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating?

61.425 How do I establish recent experience

for my flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.427 How do I reinstate my flight instruc-

tor privileges if I fail to establish recent experience for my flight instructor cer-tificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.429 May I exercise the privileges of a

flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor certificate with another rating?

PPENDIX A TOPART 61—A IRMAN CERTIFI -

CATION STANDARDS AND PRACTICAL TEST

STANDARDS

AUTHORITY : 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 40113, 44701–

44703, 44707, 44709–44711, 44729, 44903, 45102– 45103, 45301–45302; Sec. 2307, Pub. L. 114–190, 130 Stat. 615 (49 U.S.C. 44703 note); sec. 318, Pub. L. 115–254, 132 Stat. 3186 (49 U.S.C. 44703 note); sec. 820, Pub. L. 118–63, 138 Stat. 1330 (49 U.S.C. 44939 note); secs. 815 and 828, Pub. L. 118–63, 138 Stat. 1328, 1336 (49 U.S.C. 44703 note).

OURCE : Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4,

1997, unless otherwise noted.

462 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) Pt. 61, SFAR No. 73

SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION

NO. 73—R OBINSON HELICOPTER COM-

PANY , ROBINSON R–22/R–44 S PECIAL

TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE REQUIRE -

MENTS

Sections

1. Applicability.

2. Required training, aeronautical experi-

ence, endorsements, and flight review.

3. Expiration date. 1. Applicability. Under the procedures pre-

scribed in this section, this Special Federal Aviation Regulation (SFAR) applies to all persons who seek to manipulate the controls, act as pilot in command, provide ground training or flight training, or conduct a flight review in a Robinson model R–22 or R– 44 helicopter. The requirements stated in this SFAR are in addition to the current re-quirements of this part.

2. Required training, aeronautical experience,

endorsements, and flight review.

(a) Ground Training.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph 2(a)(2)

of this SFAR, no person may manipulate the controls of a Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter-for the purpose of flight unless the ground training specified in paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR is completed and the person’s logbook has been endorsed by a flight instructor authorized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR.

(2) A person who holds a rotorcraft cat-

egory and helicopter class rating on that person’s pilot certificate and meets the expe-rience requirements of paragraph 2(b)(1) or paragraph 2(b)(2) of this SFAR may not ma-nipulate the controls of a Robinson model R– 22 or R–44 helicopter for the purpose of flight unless the ground training specified in para-graph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR is completed and the person’s logbook has been endorsed by a flight instructor authorized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR.

(3) Ground training must be conducted by

a flight instructor who has been authorized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR and consists of the following general subject areas:

(i) Energy management; (ii) Mast bumping; (iii) Low rotor revolutions per minute

(RPM) and rotor stall;

(iv) Low G conditions, effects, and proper

recovery procedures; and

(v) Rotor RPM decay. (4) The general subject areas identified in

paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR are intended to cover both Robinson model R–22 and R–44 helicopters.

(5) A person who can show satisfactory

completion of the manufacturer’s safety course may obtain an endorsement from an FAA aviation safety inspector in lieu of com-pleting the ground training required by para-

graphs 2(a)(1) and (2) of this SFAR.

(b) Aeronautical Experience.

(1) No person may act as pilot in command

of a Robinson model R–22 unless that person:

(i) Has logged at least 200 flight hours in

helicopters, at least 50 flight hours of which were in the Robinson model R–22 helicopter; or

(ii) Has logged at least 10 hours of flight

training in the Robinson model R–22 heli-copter and has received an endorsement from a flight instructor authorized under para-graph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR that the indi-vidual has been given the training required by this paragraph 2(b)(1)(ii) and is proficient to act as pilot in command of an R–22. The flight training must include at least the fol-lowing abnormal and emergency procedures:

(A) Training in autorotation procedures

and energy management, including utilizing a combination of flight control inputs and maneuvering to prevent overshooting or undershooting the selected landing area from an entry altitude that permits safe recovery;

(B) Autorotations at an entry altitude that

permits safe maneuvering and recovery uti-lizing maximum glide configuration;

use of the governor; and

(D) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov-

ery.

(iii) Pilots who do not meet the experience

requirement of paragraph 2(b)(1)(i) of this SFAR may not act as pilot in command of a Robinson model R–22 helicopter beginning 12 calendar months after the date of the en-dorsement identified in paragraph 2(b)(1)(ii) of this SFAR until those pilots have:

(A) Completed a flight review of the ground

training subject areas identified by para-graph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and the flight training identified in paragraph 2(b)(1)(ii) of this SFAR in an R–22; and

(B) Obtained an endorsement for that

flight review from a flight instructor author-ized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR.

(2) No person may act as pilot in command

of a Robinson model R–44 helicopter unless that person—

(i) Has logged at least 200 flight hours in

helicopters, at least 50 flight hours of which were in the Robinson model R–44 helicopter. The pilot in command may credit up to 25 flight hours in the Robinson model R–22 heli-copter toward the 50-hour requirement in the Robinson model R–44 helicopter; or

(ii) Has logged at least 10 hours of flight

training in a Robinson helicopter, at least 5 hours of which must have been accomplished in the Robinson model R–44 helicopter, and has received an endorsement from a flight instructor authorized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR that the individual has been given the training required by this paragraph 2(b)(2)(ii) and is proficient to act as pilot in command of an R–44. The flight

463 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 61, SFAR No. 73

training must include at least the following

abnormal and emergency procedures—

(A) Training in autorotation procedures

(B) Autorotations at an entry altitude that

permits safe maneuvering and recovery uti-lizing minimum rate of descent configura-tion and maximum glide configuration;

use of the governor; and

(D) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov-

ery.

(iii) Pilots who do not meet the experience

requirement of paragraph 2(b)(2)(i) of this SFAR may not act as pilot in command of a Robinson model R–44 helicopter beginning 12 calendar months after the date of the en-dorsement identified in paragraph 2(b)(2)(ii) of this SFAR until those pilots have:

(A) Completed a flight review of the ground

training subject areas identified by para-graph 2(a)(3) and the flight training identi-fied in paragraph 2(b)(2)(ii) of this SFAR in an R–44; and

(B) Obtained an endorsement for that

flight review from a flight instructor author-ized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR.

(3) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft

category and helicopter class rating must

have logged at least 20 hours of flight train-ing in a Robinson model R–22 helicopter from a flight instructor authorized under para-graph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR prior to oper-ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person must obtain an endorsement from a flight in-structor authorized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR that training has been given in those maneuvers and proce-dures, and the instructor has found the ap-plicant proficient to solo a Robinson model R–22 helicopter. This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 days. The flight training must include at least the following abnormal and emergency procedures:

(i) Training in autorotation procedures and

energy management, including utilizing a combination of flight control inputs and ma-neuvering to prevent overshooting or under-shooting the selected landing area from an entry altitude that permits safe recovery;

(ii) Autorotations at an entry altitude that

permits safe maneuvering and recovery uti-lizing maximum glide configuration;

(iii) Engine rotor RPM control without the

use of the governor; and

(iv) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov-

ery.

(4) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft

category and helicopter class rating must have logged at least 20 hours of flight train-ing in a Robinson model R–44 helicopter from a flight instructor authorized under para-graph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR prior to oper-ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person

must obtain an endorsement from a flight in-structor authorized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR that training has been given in those maneuvers and proce-dures and the instructor has found the appli-cant proficient to solo a Robinson model R– 44 helicopter. This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 days. The flight training must include at least the following abnormal and emergency procedures:

(i) Training in autorotation procedures and

(ii) Autorotations at an entry altitude that

permits safe maneuvering and recovery uti-lizing minimum rate of descent configura-tion and maximum glide configuration;

(iii) Engine rotor RPM control without the

use of the governor, and

(iv) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov-

ery.

(5) No flight instructor may provide train-

ing or conduct a flight review in a Robinson R–22 or R–44 unless that instructor—

(i) Completes the ground training in para-

graph 2(a) of this SFAR.

(ii) For the Robinson model R–22 heli-

copter, has logged at least 200 flight hours in helicopters, at least 50 flight hours of which were in the Robinson model R–22 helicopter, or for the Robinson model R–44 helicopter, logged at least 200 flight hours in heli-copters, 50 flight hours of which were in Rob-inson helicopters. Up to 25 flight hours of Robinson model R–22 helicopter flight time may be credited toward the 50-hour require-ment.

(iii) Has completed flight training in a

Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, or both, on the following abnormal and emer-gency procedures—

(A) Training in autorotation procedures

(B) For the Robinson model R–22 heli-

copter, autorotations at an entry altitude that permits safe maneuvering and recovery

utilizing maximum glide configuration. For the Robinson model R–44 helicopter, autorotations at an entry altitude that per-mits safe maneuvering and recovery uti-lizing maximum glide configuration and minimum rate of descent configuration;

use of the governor; and

(D) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov-

ery.

464 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.1

(iv) Has been authorized by endorsement

from an FAA aviation safety inspector or au-thorized designated examiner that the in-structor has completed the appropriate training, meets the experience requirements, and has satisfactorily demonstrated an abil-ity to provide training on the general subject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR, and the flight training identified in paragraph 2(b)(5)(iii) of this SFAR.

(1) No flight review completed to satisfy

§61.56 by an individual after becoming eligi-ble to function as pilot in command in a Robinson model R–22 helicopter shall be valid for the operation of an R–22 unless that flight review was taken in an R–22.

(2) No flight review completed to satisfy

§61.56 by an individual after becoming eligi-ble to function as pilot in command in a Robinson model R–44 helicopter shall be valid for the operation of an R–44 unless that flight review was taken in the R–44.

(3) The flight review will include a review

of the ground training subject areas of para-graph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and flight training in abnormal and emergency procedures in the Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, as appropriate, identified in paragraph 2(b) of this SFAR.

(d) Currency Requirements. No person may

act as pilot in command of a Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter carrying passengers unless the pilot in command has met the recency of flight experience requirements of §61.57 in an R–22 or R–44, as appropriate.

3. Expiration date. This SFAR expires Au-

gust 22, 2029, unless sooner revised or re-scinded.

[Docket FAA–2023–2083, Amdt. 61–154, 89 FR

59608, July 23, 2024]

Subpart A—General

§ 61.1 Applicability and definitions.

(a) Except as provided in part 107 of

this chapter, this part prescribes:

(1) The requirements for issuing

pilot, flight instructor, and ground in-structor certificates and ratings; the conditions under which those certifi-cates and ratings are necessary; and the privileges and limitations of those certificates and ratings.

(2) The requirements for issuing

pilot, flight instructor, and ground in-structor authorizations; the conditions under which those authorizations are necessary; and the privileges and limi-tations of those authorizations.

(3) The requirements for issuing

pilot, flight instructor, and ground in-structor certificates and ratings for persons who have taken courses ap-

proved by the Administrator under other parts of this chapter.

(b) For the purpose of this part: Accredited has the same meaning as

defined by the Department of Edu-cation in 34 CFR 600.2.

Aeronautical experience means pilot

time obtained in an aircraft, flight simulator, or flight training device for meeting the appropriate training and flight time requirements for an airman certificate, rating, flight review, or recency of flight experience require-ments of this part.

Authorized instructor means—

(i) A person who holds a ground in-

structor certificate issued under part 61 of this chapter and is in compliance with §61.217, when conducting ground training in accordance with the privi-leges and limitations of his or her ground instructor certificate;

(ii) A person who holds a flight in-

structor certificate issued under part 61 of this chapter and is in compliance with §61.197, when conducting ground training or flight training in accord-ance with the privileges and limita-tions of his or her flight instructor cer-tificate; or

(iii) A person authorized by the Ad-

ministrator to provide ground training or flight training under part 61, 121, 135, or 142 of this chapter when conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with that authority.

Aviation training device means a train-

ing device, other than a full flight sim-ulator or flight training device, that has been evaluated, qualified, and ap-proved by the Administrator.

Complex airplane means an airplane

that has a retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch pro-peller, including airplanes equipped with an engine control system con-sisting of a digital computer and asso-ciated accessories for controlling the engine and propeller, such as a full au-thority digital engine control; or, in the case of a seaplane, flaps and a con-trollable pitch propeller, including sea-planes equipped with an engine control system consisting of a digital computer and associated accessories for control-ling the engine and propeller, such as a full authority digital engine control.

Cross-country time means—

465 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.1

(i) Except as provided in paragraphs

(ii) through (vi) of this definition, time acquired during flight—

(A) Conducted by a person who holds

a pilot certificate;

(B) Conducted in an aircraft; (C) That includes a landing at a point

other than the point of departure; and

(D) That involves the use of dead

reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-tion systems to navigate to the landing point.

(ii) For the purpose of meeting the

aeronautical experience requirements (except for a rotorcraft category rat-ing), for a private pilot certificate (ex-cept for a powered parachute category rating), a commercial pilot certificate, or an instrument rating, or for the pur-pose of exercising recreational pilot privileges (except in a rotorcraft) under §61.101 (c), time acquired during a flight—

(A) Conducted in an appropriate air-

craft;

(B) That includes a point of landing

that was at least a straight-line dis-tance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-tion systems to navigate to the landing point.

(iii) For the purpose of meeting the

aeronautical experience requirements for a sport pilot certificate (except for powered parachute privileges), time ac-quired during a flight conducted in an appropriate aircraft that—

(A) Includes a point of landing at

least a straight line distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the origi-nal point of departure; and

(B) Involves, as applicable, the use of

dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic navigation aids; radio aids; or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(iv) For the purpose of meeting the

aeronautical experience requirements for a sport pilot certificate with pow-ered parachute privileges or a private pilot certificate with a powered para-chute category rating, time acquired during a flight conducted in an appro-priate aircraft that— (A) Includes a point of landing at

least a straight line distance of more than 15 nautical miles from the origi-nal point of departure; and

(B) Involves, as applicable, the use of

dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic navigation aids; radio aids; or other navigation systems to navigate to the landing point.

(v) For the purpose of meeting the

aeronautical experience requirements for any pilot certificate with a rotor-craft category rating or an instrument- helicopter rating, or for the purpose of exercising recreational pilot privileges, in a rotorcraft, under §61.101(c), time acquired during a flight—

(A) Conducted in an appropriate air-

craft;

(B) That includes a point of landing

that was at least a straight-line dis-tance of more than 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-tion systems to navigate to the landing point.

(vi) For the purpose of meeting the

aeronautical experience requirements for an airline transport pilot certifi-cate (except with a rotorcraft category rating), time acquired during a flight—

(A) Conducted in an appropriate air-

craft;

(B) That is at least a straight-line

distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-tion systems.

(vii) For a military pilot who quali-

fies for a commercial pilot certificate (except with a rotorcraft category rat-ing) under §61.73 of this part, time ac-quired during a flight—

(A) Conducted in an appropriate air-

craft;

(B) That is at least a straight-line

distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-tion systems.

466 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.1

Examiner means any person who is

authorized by the Administrator to conduct a pilot proficiency test or a practical test for an airman certificate or rating issued under this part, or a person who is authorized to conduct a knowledge test under this part.

Flight training means that training,

other than ground training, received from an authorized instructor in flight in an aircraft.

Ground training means that training,

other than flight training, received from an authorized instructor.

Institution of higher education has the

same meaning as defined by the De-partment of Education in 34 CFR 600.4.

Instrument approach means an ap-

proach procedure defined in part 97 of this chapter.

Instrument training means that time

in which instrument training is re-ceived from an authorized instructor under actual or simulated instrument conditions.

Knowledge test means a test on the

aeronautical knowledge areas required for an airman certificate or rating that can be administered in written form or by a computer.

Nationally recognized accrediting agen-

cy has the same meaning as defined by

the Department of Education in 34 CFR 600.2.

Night vision goggles means an appli-

ance worn by a pilot that enhances the pilot’s ability to maintain visual sur-face reference at night.

Night vision goggle operation means

the portion of a flight that occurs dur-ing the time period from 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise where the pilot maintains visual surface ref-erence using night vision goggles in an aircraft that is approved for such an operation.

Passenger means any person on board

an aircraft other than a crewmember, FAA personnel, manufacturer per-sonnel required for type certification,

or a person receiving or providing flight training, checking, or testing as authorized by this part.

Pilot time means that time in which a

person— (i) Serves as a required pilot flight

crewmember;

(ii) Receives training from an author-

ized instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device;

(iii) Gives training as an authorized

instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device; or

(iv) Serves as second in command in

operations conducted in accordance with §135.99(c) of this chapter when a second pilot is not required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted, provided the require-ments in §61.159(c) are satisfied.

Practical test means a test on the

areas of operations for an airman cer-tificate, rating, or authorization that is conducted by having the applicant respond to questions and demonstrate maneuvers in flight, in a flight simu-lator, or in a flight training device.

Set of aircraft means aircraft that

share similar performance characteris-tics, such as similar airspeed and alti-tude operating envelopes, similar han-dling characteristics, and the same number and type of propulsion sys-

tems.

Student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer-

tificate means a person who has re-

ceived an endorsement—

(i) To exercise student pilot privi-

leges from a certificated flight instruc-tor with a sport pilot rating; or

(ii) That includes a limitation for the

operation of a light-sport aircraft spec-ified in §61.89(c) issued by a certifi-cated flight instructor with other than a sport pilot rating.

Technically advanced airplane (TAA)

means an airplane equipped with an electronically advanced avionics sys-tem.

Training time means training re-

ceived—

(i) In flight from an authorized in-

structor;

(ii) On the ground from an authorized

instructor; or

467 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.3

(iii) In a flight simulator or flight

training device from an authorized in-structor.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40893, July 30, 1997 as amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42372, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, June 28, 2016; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023–1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80339, Oct. 2, 2024]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.1 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275; Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92483, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.2 Exercise of Privilege.

(a) Validity. No person may:

(1) Exercise privileges of a certifi-

cate, rating, endorsement, or author-ization issued under this part if the certificate, rating or authorization is surrendered, suspended, revoked or ex-pired.

(2) Exercise privileges of a flight in-

structor certificate if that flight in-structor certificate is surrendered, sus-pended, revoked or expired.

(3) Exercise privileges of a foreign

pilot certificate to operate an aircraft of foreign registry under §61.3(b) if the certificate is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.

(4) Exercise privileges of a pilot cer-

tificate issued under §61.75, or an au-thorization issued under §61.77, if the foreign pilot certificate relied upon for the issuance of the U.S. pilot certifi-cate or authorization is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.

(5) Exercise privileges of a medical

certificate issued under part 67 to meet any requirements of part 61 if the med-ical certificate is surrendered, sus-pended, revoked or expired according to the duration standards set forth in §61.23(d).

(6) Use an official government issued

driver’s license to meet any require-ments of part 61 related to holding that driver’s license, if the driver’s license is surrendered, suspended, revoked or expired.

(b) Currency. No person may:

(1) Exercise privileges of an airman

certificate, rating, endorsement, or au-thorization issued under this part un-less that person meets the appropriate airman recent experience and medical

requirements of this part, specific to the operation or activity.

(2) Exercise privileges of a foreign

pilot license within the United States to conduct an operation described in §61.3(b), unless that person meets the appropriate airman recent experience and medical requirements of the coun-try that issued the license, specific to the operation.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21,

2009, as amended by Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80049, Oct. 1, 2024]

§ 61.3 Requirement for certificates,

ratings, and authorizations.

(a) Required pilot certificate for oper-

ating a civil aircraft of the United States. No person may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of the United States, unless that person:

(1) Has in the person’s physical pos-

session or readily accessible in the air-craft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate or authoriza-tion—

(i) A pilot certificate issued under

this part and in accordance with §61.19;

(ii) A special purpose pilot authoriza-

tion issued under §61.77;

(iii) A temporary certificate issued

under §61.17;

(iv) A document conveying tem-

porary authority to exercise certificate privileges issued by the Airmen Certifi-cation Branch under §61.29(e);

(v) When engaged in a flight oper-

ation within the United States for a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 121 or 135 of this chapter, a temporary docu-ment provided by that certificate hold-er under an approved certificate verification plan;

(vi) When engaged in a flight oper-

ation within the United States for a fractional ownership program manager authorized to conduct operations under part 91, subpart K, of this chapter, a temporary document provided by that program manager under an approved certificate verification plan; or

(vii) When operating an aircraft with-

in a foreign country, a pilot license issued by that country may be used.

(2) Has a photo identification that is

in that person’s physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when

468 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.3

exercising the privileges of that pilot

certificate or authorization. The photo identification must be a:

(i) Driver’s license issued by a State,

the District of Columbia, or territory or possession of the United States;

(ii) Government identification card

issued by the Federal government, a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States;

(iii) U.S. Armed Forces’ identifica-

tion card;

(iv) Official passport; (v) Credential that authorizes

unescorted access to a security identi-fication display area at an airport reg-ulated under 49 CFR part 1542; or

(vi) Other form of identification that

the Administrator finds acceptable.

(b) Required pilot certificate for oper-

ating a foreign-registered aircraft within the United States. No person may serve

as a required pilot flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of foreign registry within the United States, unless—

(1) That person’s pilot certificate or

document issued under §61.29(e) is in that person’s physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when exercising the privileges of that pilot certificate; and

(2) Has been issued in accordance

with this part, or has been issued or validated by the country in which the aircraft is registered.

may serve as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft only if that person holds the appropriate medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter, or other documentation ac-ceptable to the FAA, that is in that person’s physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft. Paragraph (c)(2) of this section provides certain exceptions to the requirement to hold a medical certificate.

(2) A person is not required to meet

the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section if that person—

(i) Is exercising the privileges of a

student pilot certificate while seeking a pilot certificate with a glider cat-egory rating, a balloon class rating, or glider or balloon privileges;

(ii) Is exercising the privileges of a

student pilot certificate while seeking a sport pilot certificate with other than glider or balloon privileges and

holds a U.S. driver’s license;

(iii) Is exercising the privileges of a

student pilot certificate while seeking a pilot certificate with a weight-shift- control aircraft category rating or a powered parachute category rating and holds a U.S. driver’s license;

(iv) Is exercising the privileges of a

sport pilot certificate with glider or balloon privileges;

(v) Is exercising the privileges of a

sport pilot certificate with other than glider or balloon privileges and holds a U.S. driver’s license. A person who has applied for or held a medical certificate may exercise the privileges of a sport pilot certificate using a U.S. driver’s li-cense only if that person—

(A) Has been found eligible for the

issuance of at least a third-class air-man medical certificate at the time of his or her most recent application; and

(B) Has not had his or her most re-

cently issued medical certificate sus-pended or revoked or most recent Au-thorization for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn.

(vi) Is holding a pilot certificate with

a balloon class rating and that per-son—

(A) Is exercising the privileges of a

private pilot certificate in a balloon; or

(B) Is providing flight training in a

balloon in accordance with §61.133(a)(2)(ii);

(vii) Is holding a pilot certificate or a

flight instructor certificate with a glider category rating, and is piloting or providing training in a glider, as ap-propriate;

(viii) Is exercising the privileges of a

flight instructor certificate, provided the person is not acting as pilot in command or as a required pilot flight crewmember;

(ix) Is exercising the privileges of a

ground instructor certificate;

(x) Is operating an aircraft within a

foreign country using a pilot license issued by that country and possesses evidence of current medical qualifica-tion for that license;

(xi) Is operating an aircraft with a

U.S. pilot certificate, issued on the basis of a foreign pilot license, issued under §61.75, and holds a medical cer-tificate issued by the foreign country that issued the foreign pilot license,

469 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.3

which is in that person’s physical pos-

session or readily accessible in the air-craft when exercising the privileges of that airman certificate;

(xii) Is a pilot of the U.S. Armed

Forces, has an up-to-date U.S. military medical examination, and holds mili-tary pilot flight status;

(xiii) Is exercising the privileges of a

student, recreational or private pilot certificate for operations conducted under the conditions and limitations set forth in §61.113(i) and holds a U.S. driver’s license;

(xiv) Is exercising the privileges of a

flight instructor certificate and acting as pilot in command or a required flightcrew member for operations con-ducted under the conditions and limi-tations set forth in §61.113(i) and holds a U.S. driver’s license; or

(xv) Is exercising the privileges of a

student pilot certificate or higher while acting as pilot in command on a special medical flight test authorized under part 67 of this chapter.

(d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A

person who holds a flight instructor certificate issued under this part must have that certificate, or other docu-mentation acceptable to the Adminis-trator, in that person’s physical posses-sion or readily accessible in the air-craft when exercising the privileges of that flight instructor certificate.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph

(d)(3) of this section, no person other than the holder of a flight instructor certificate issued under this part with the appropriate rating on that certifi-cate may—

(i) Give training required to qualify a

person for solo flight and solo cross- country flight;

(ii) Endorse an applicant for a— (A) Pilot certificate or rating issued

under this part;

(B) Flight instructor certificate or

rating issued under this part; or

rating issued under this part;

(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show

training given; or

(iv) Endorse a logbook for solo oper-

ating privileges.

(3) A flight instructor certificate

issued under this part is not nec-essary— (i) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this sec-

tion, if the training is given by the holder of a commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air rating, provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the certificate in a lighter-than-air aircraft;

(ii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this sec-

tion, if the training is given by the holder of an airline transport pilot cer-tificate with a rating appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is

given, provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the certificate and conducted in accord-ance with an approved air carrier training program approved under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter;

(iii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this

section, if the training is given by a person who is qualified in accordance with subpart C of part 142 of this chap-ter, provided the training is conducted in accordance with an approved part 142 training program;

(iv) Under paragraphs (d)(2)(i),

(d)(2)(ii)(C), and (d)(2)(iii) of this sec-tion, if the training is given by the holder of a ground instructor certifi-cate in accordance with the privileges of the certificate; or

(v) Under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this

section, if the training is given by an authorized flight instructor under §61.41 of this part.

(e) Instrument rating. No person may

act as pilot in command of a civil air-craft under IFR or in weather condi-tions less than the minimums pre-scribed for VFR flight unless that per-son holds:

(1) The appropriate aircraft category,

class, type (if required), and instru-ment rating on that person’s pilot cer-tificate for any airplane, helicopter, or powered-lift being flown;

(2) An airline transport pilot certifi-

cate with the appropriate aircraft cat-egory, class, and type rating (if re-quired) for the aircraft being flown;

(3) For a glider, a pilot certificate

with a glider category rating and an airplane instrument rating; or

(4) For an airship, a commercial pilot

certificate with a lighter-than-air cat-egory rating and airship class rating.

(f) Category II pilot authorization. Ex-

cept for a pilot conducting Category II

470 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.3

operations under part 121 or part 135, a

person may not:

(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil

aircraft during Category II operations unless that person—

(i) Holds a Category II pilot author-

ization for that category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap-plicable; or

(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of

foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command of that aircraft in Category II operations.

(2) Act as second in command of a

civil aircraft during Category II oper-ations unless that person—

(i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat-

egory and class ratings for that air-craft and an instrument rating for that category aircraft;

(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot

certificate with category and class rat-ings for that aircraft; or

(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of

foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of that aircraft during Cat-egory II operations.

(g) Category III pilot authorization. Ex-

cept for a pilot conducting Category III operations under part 121 or part 135, a person may not:

(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil

aircraft during Category III operations unless that person—

(i) Holds a Category III pilot author-

ization for that category or class of aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap-plicable; or

(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of

foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as pilot in command of that aircraft in Category III operations.

(2) Act as second in command of a

civil aircraft during Category III oper-ations unless that person—

(i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat-

egory and class ratings for that air-craft and an instrument rating for that category aircraft;

(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot

certificate with category and class rat-ings for that aircraft; or

(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of

foreign registry, is authorized by the country of registry to act as second in command of that aircraft during Cat-

egory III operations.

(h) Category A aircraft pilot authoriza-

tion. The Administrator may issue a

certificate of authorization for a Cat-egory II or Category III operation to the pilot of a small aircraft that is a Category A aircraft, as identified in §97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if:

(1) The Administrator determines

that the Category II or Category III op-eration can be performed safely by that pilot under the terms of the certificate of authorization; and

(2) The Category II or Category III

operation does not involve the carriage of persons or property for compensa-tion or hire.

(i) Ground instructor certificate. (1)

Each person who holds a ground in-structor certificate issued under this part must have that certificate or a temporary document issued under §61.29(e) in that person’s physical pos-session or immediately accessible when exercising the privileges of that certifi-cate.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph

(i)(3) of this section, no person other than the holder of a ground instructor certificate, issued under this part or part 143, with the appropriate rating on that certificate may—

(i) Give ground training required to

qualify a person for solo flight and solo cross-country flight;

(ii) Endorse an applicant for a knowl-

edge test required for a pilot, flight in-structor, or ground instructor certifi-cate or rating issued under this part; or

(iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show

ground training given.

(3) A ground instructor certificate

issued under this part is not nec-essary—

(i) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec-

tion, if the training is given by the holder of a flight instructor certificate issued under this part in accordance with the privileges of that certificate;

(ii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec-

(iii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this

section, if the training is given by the

471 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.3

holder of an airline transport pilot cer-

tificate with a rating appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is given, provided the training is given in accordance with the privileges of the certificate and conducted in accord-ance with an approved air carrier training program approved under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter;

(iv) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec-

tion, if the training is given by a per-son who is qualified in accordance with subpart C of part 142 of this chapter, provided the training is conducted in accordance with an approved part 142 training program; or

(v) Under paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this

section, if the training is given by an authorized flight instructor under §61.41 of this part.

(j) Age limitation for certain operations.

(1) Age limitation. No person who holds

a pilot certificate issued under this part may serve as a pilot on a civil air-plane of U.S. registry in the following operations if the person has reached his or her 60th birthday or, in the case of operations with more than one pilot, his or her 65th birthday:

(i) Scheduled international air serv-

ices carrying passengers in turbojet- powered airplanes;

(ii) Scheduled international air serv-

ices carrying passengers in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than nine passenger seats, ex-cluding each crewmember seat;

(iii) Nonscheduled international air

transportation for compensation or hire in airplanes having a passenger- seat configuration of more than 30 pas-senger seats, excluding each crew-member seat; or

(iv) Scheduled international air serv-

ices, or nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation or hire, in airplanes having a payload ca-pacity of more than 7,500 pounds.

(2) Definitions. (i) ‘‘International air

service,’’ as used in this paragraph (j), means scheduled air service performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the airspace over the territory of more than one country.

(ii) ‘‘International air transpor-

tation,’’ as used in this paragraph (j), means air transportation performed in airplanes for the public transport of

passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the airspace over the territory of more than one country.

(k) Special purpose pilot authorization.

Any person that is required to hold a special purpose pilot authorization, issued in accordance with §61.77 of this part, must have that authorization and the person’s foreign pilot license in that person’s physical possession or have it readily accessible in the air-craft when exercising the privileges of that authorization.

(l) Inspection of certificate. Each per-

son who holds an airman certificate, temporary document in accordance with paragraph (a)(1)(v) or (vi) of this section, medical certificate, documents establishing alternative medical quali-fication under part 68 of this chapter, authorization, or license required by this part must present it and their photo identification as described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section for in-spection upon a request from:

(1) The Administrator; (2) An authorized representative of

the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Any Federal, State, or local law

enforcement officer; or

(4) An authorized representative of

the Transportation Security Adminis-tration.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40894, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 111, 67 FR 65861, Oct. 28, 2002; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–131, 78 FR 56828, Sept. 16, 2013; Amdt. 61–134, 80 FR 33400, June 12, 2015; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3164, Jan. 11, 2017; Amdt. 60–6, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA– 2021–1040, Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71236, Nov. 22, 2022; Docket FAA–2021–1040, Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71236, Nov. 22, 2022]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.3 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

472 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.4

§ 61.4 Qualification and approval of

flight simulators and flight training devices.

(a) Except as specified in paragraph

(b) or (c) of this section, each flight simulator and flight training device used for training, and for which an air-man is to receive credit to satisfy any training, testing, or checking require-ment under this chapter, must be qualified and approved by the Adminis-trator for—

(1) The training, testing, and check-

ing for which it is used;

(2) Each particular maneuver, proce-

dure, or crewmember function per-

formed; and

(3) The representation of the specific

category and class of aircraft, type of aircraft, particular variation within the type of aircraft, or set of aircraft for certain flight training devices.

(b) Any device used for flight train-

ing, testing, or checking that has been determined to be acceptable to or ap-proved by the Administrator prior to August 1, 1996, which can be shown to function as originally designed, is con-sidered to be a flight training device, provided it is used for the same pur-poses for which it was originally ac-cepted or approved and only to the ex-tent of such acceptance or approval.

device other than a flight simulator or flight training device for specific pur-poses.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued

under this part.

(a) The following certificates are

issued under this part to an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the training and certification requirements for the certificate sought:

(1) Pilot certificates— (i) Student pilot. (ii) Sport pilot. (iii) Recreational pilot. (iv) Private pilot. (v) Commercial pilot. (vi) Airline transport pilot. (2) Flight instructor certificates. (3) Ground instructor certificates. (b) The following ratings are placed

on a pilot certificate (other than stu-dent pilot) when an applicant satisfac-torily accomplishes the training and

certification requirements for the rat-ing sought:

(1) Aircraft category ratings— (i) Airplane. (ii) Rotorcraft. (iii) Glider. (iv) Lighter-than-air. (v) Powered-lift. (vi) Powered parachute. (vii) Weight-shift-control aircraft. (2) Airplane class ratings— (i) Single-engine land. (ii) Multiengine land. (iii) Single-engine sea. (iv) Multiengine sea. (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— (i) Helicopter. (ii) Gyroplane. (4) Lighter-than-air class ratings— (i) Airship. (ii) Balloon. (5) Weight-shift-control aircraft class

ratings—

(i) Weight-shift-control aircraft land. (ii) Weight-shift-control aircraft sea. (6) Powered parachute class ratings— (i) Powered parachute land. (ii) Powered parachute sea. (7) Aircraft type ratings— (i) Large aircraft other than lighter-

than-air.

(ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes. (iii) Other aircraft type ratings speci-

fied by the Administrator through the aircraft type certification procedures.

(iv) Second-in-command pilot type

rating for aircraft that is certificated for operations with a minimum crew of at least two pilots.

(8) Instrument ratings (on private

and commercial pilot certificates only)—

(i) Instrument—Airplane. (ii) Instrument—Helicopter. (iii) Instrument—Powered-lift. (c) The following ratings are placed

on a flight instructor certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accom-plishes the training and certification requirements for the rating sought:

(1) Aircraft category ratings— (i) Airplane. (ii) Rotorcraft. (iii) Glider. (iv) Powered-lift. (2) Airplane class ratings— (i) Single-engine. (ii) Multiengine.

473 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.13

(3) Rotorcraft class ratings—

(i) Helicopter. (ii) Gyroplane. (4) Instrument ratings— (i) Instrument—Airplane. (ii) Instrument—Helicopter. (iii) Instrument—Powered-lift. (5) Sport pilot rating. (d) The following ratings are placed

on a ground instructor certificate when an applicant satisfactorily accom-plishes the training and certification requirements for the rating sought:

(1) Basic. (2) Advanced. (3) Instrument.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, 2005]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.5 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.7 Obsolete certificates and rat-

ings.

(a) The holder of a free-balloon pilot

certificate issued before November 1, 1973, may not exercise the privileges of that certificate.

(b) The holder of a pilot certificate

that bears any of the following cat-egory ratings without an associated class rating may not exercise the privi-leges of that category rating:

(1) Rotorcraft. (2) Lighter-than-air. (3) Helicopter. (4) Autogyro.

§ 61.8 Inapplicability of unmanned air-

craft operations.

Any action conducted pursuant to

part 107 of this chapter cannot be used to meet the requirements of this part.

[FAA–2020–1067, Amdt. 61-148, 85 FR 79825,

Dec. 11, 2020]

§ 61.9 [Reserved]

§ 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and

re-issuance.

(a) No person who holds an expired

pilot certificate or rating may act as pilot in command or as a required pilot flight crewmember of an aircraft of the same category or class that is listed on that expired pilot certificate or rating. (b) The following pilot certificates

and ratings have expired and will not be reissued:

(1) An airline transport pilot certifi-

cate issued before May 1, 1949, or an airline transport pilot certificate that contains a horsepower limitation.

(2) A private or commercial pilot cer-

tificate issued before July 1, 1945.

(3) A pilot certificate with a lighter-

than-air or free-balloon rating issued before July 1, 1945.

cate that was issued after April 30, 1949, and that bears an expiration date but does not contain a horsepower limita-tion, may have that airline transport pilot certificate re-issued without an expiration date.

(d) A private or commercial pilot cer-

tificate that was issued after June 30, 1945, and that bears an expiration date, may have that pilot certificate re-issued without an expiration date.

(e) A pilot certificate with a lighter-

than-air or free-balloon rating that was issued after June 30, 1945, and that bears an expiration date, may have that pilot certificate reissued without an expiration date.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21,

2009]

§ 61.13 Issuance of airman certificates,

ratings, and authorizations.

(a) Application. (1) An applicant for

an airman certificate, rating, or au-thorization under this part must make that application on a form and in a manner acceptable to the Adminis-trator.

(2) An applicant must show evidence

that the appropriate fee prescribed in appendix A to part 187 of this chapter has been paid when that person applies for airmen certification services ad-ministered outside the United States.

(3) An applicant who is neither a cit-

izen of the United States nor a resident alien of the United States may be re-fused issuance of any U.S. airman cer-tificate, rating or authorization by the Administrator.

(4) Except as provided in paragraph

(a)(3) of this section, an applicant who satisfactorily accomplishes the train-ing and certification requirements for the certificate, rating, or authorization

474 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.14

sought is entitled to receive that air-

man certificate, rating, or authoriza-tion.

(b) Limitations. (1) An applicant who

cannot comply with certain areas of operation required on the practical test because of physical limitations may be issued an airman certificate, rating, or authorization with the appropriate limitation placed on the applicant’s airman certificate provided the—

(i) Applicant is able to meet all other

certification requirements for the air-man certificate, rating, or authoriza-tion sought;

(ii) Physical limitation has been re-

corded with the FAA on the applicant’s medical records; and

(iii) Administrator determines that

the applicant’s inability to perform the particular area of operation will not adversely affect safety.

(2) A limitation placed on a person’s

airman certificate may be removed, provided that person demonstrates for an examiner satisfactory proficiency in the area of operation appropriate to the airman certificate, rating, or au-thorization sought.

egory II and Category III pilot authoriza-tions. (1) A Category II or Category III

pilot authorization is issued by a letter of authorization as part of an appli-cant’s instrument rating or airline transport pilot certificate.

(2) Upon original issue, the author-

ization contains the following limita-tions:

(i) For Category II operations, the

limitation is 1,600 feet RVR and a 150- foot decision height; and

(ii) For Category III operations, each

initial limitation is specified in the au-thorization document.

(3) The limitations on a Category II

or Category III pilot authorization may be removed as follows:

(i) In the case of Category II limita-

tions, a limitation is removed when the holder shows that, since the beginning of the sixth preceding month, the hold-er has made three Category II ILS ap-proaches with a 150-foot decision height to a landing under actual or simulated instrument conditions.

(ii) In the case of Category III limita-

tions, a limitation is removed as speci-fied in the authorization. (4) To meet the experience require-

ments of paragraph (c)(3) of this sec-tion, and for the practical test required by this part for a Category II or a Cat-egory III pilot authorization, a flight simulator or flight training device may be used if it is approved by the Admin-istrator for such use.

(d) Application during suspension or

revocation. (1) Unless otherwise author-

ized by the Administrator, a person whose pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate has been suspended may not apply for any cer-tificate, rating, or authorization dur-ing the period of suspension.

(2) Unless otherwise authorized by

the Administrator, a person whose pilot, flight instructor, or ground in-structor certificate has been revoked may not apply for any certificate, rat-ing, or authorization for 1 year after the date of revocation.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–116, 72 FR 18558, Apr. 12, 2007; Amdt. 61–132, 78 FR 77572, Dec. 24, 2013]

§ 61.14 Incorporation by Reference.

Certain material is incorporated by

reference into this part with the ap-proval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. All approved incorpora-tion by reference (IBR) material is available for inspection at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and at the National Archives and Records Ad-ministration (NARA). Contact FAA, Training and Certification Group, 202– 267–1100, ACSPTSinquiries@faa.gov. For

information on the availability of this material at NARA, visit www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr- locations or email

fr.inspection@nara.gov. The material

may be obtained from the Federal Aviation Administration, 800 Independ-ence Avenue SW, Washington DC 20591, 866–835–5322, www.faa.gov/train-

ingltesting.

(a) Practical Test Standards. (1) FAA–

S–8081–3B, Recreational Pilot Practical Test Standards for Airplane Category and Rotorcraft Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appen-dix A to this part.

475 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.14

(2) FAA–S–8081–7C, Flight Instructor

Practical Test Standards for Rotor-craft Category Gyroplane Rating, No-vember 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(3) FAA–S–8081–8C, Flight Instructor

Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(4) FAA–S–8081–9E, Flight Instructor

Instrument Practical Test Standards for Airplane Rating and Helicopter Rating, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(5) FAA–S–8081–15B, Private Pilot

Practical Test Standards for Rotor-craft Category Gyroplane Rating, No-vember 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(6) FAA–S–8081–16C, Commercial

Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(7) FAA–S–8081–17A, Private Pilot

Practical Test Standards for Lighter- Than-Air Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(8) FAA–S–8081–18A, Commercial

Pilot Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appen-dix A to this part.

(9) FAA–S–8081–20A, Airline Trans-

port Pilot and Aircraft Type Rating Practical Test Standards for Rotor-craft Category Helicopter Rating, No-vember 2023; IBR approved for §§61.43 and 61.58, and appendix A to this part.

(10) FAA–S–8081–22A, Private Pilot

Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(11) FAA–S–8081–23B, Commercial

Pilot Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(12) FAA–S–8081–29A, Sport Pilot and

Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Rating Practical Test Standards for Airplane Category, Rotorcraft Category, and Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §§61.43, 61.321, and 61.419, and appendix A to this part.

(13) FAA–S–8081–30A, Sport Pilot and

Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Rating Practical Test Standards for Lighter- Than-Air Category, November 2023;

IBR approved for §§61.43, 61.321, and 61.419, and appendix A to this part.

(14) FAA–S–8081–31A, Sport Pilot and

Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Powered Parachute Category and Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §§61.43, 61.321, and 61.419, and appendix A to this part.

(15) FAA–S–8081–32A Private Pilot

Practical Test Standards for Powered Parachute Category and Weight-Shift-

Control Aircraft Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appen-dix A to this part.

(b) Airman Certification Standards. (1)

FAA–S–ACS–2, Commercial Pilot for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certifi-cation Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(2) FAA–S–ACS–3, Instrument Rat-

ing—Powered-Lift Airman Certifi-cation Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §§61.43 and 61.57, and ap-pendix A to this part.

(3) FAA–S–ACS–6C, Private Pilot for

Airplane Category Airman Certifi-cation Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(4) FAA–S–ACS–7B, Commercial Pilot

for Airplane Category Airman Certifi-cation Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(5) FAA–S–ACS–8C, Instrument Rat-

ing—Airplane Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR ap-proved for §§61.43 and 61.57, and appen-dix A to this part.

(6) FAA–S–ACS–11A, Airline Trans-

port Pilot and Type Rating for Air-plane Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR ap-proved for §§61.43 and 61.58, and appen-dix A to this part.

(7) FAA–S–ACS–13, Private Pilot for

Powered-Lift Category Airman Certifi-cation Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(8) FAA–S–ACS–14, Instrument Rat-

ing—Helicopter Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR ap-proved for §§61.43 and 61.57, and appen-dix A to this part.

476 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.15

(9) FAA–S–ACS–15, Private Pilot for

Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating Airman Certification Standards, No-vember 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(10) FAA–S–ACS–16, Commercial

Pilot for Rotorcraft Category Heli-copter Rating Airman Certification Standards, November 2023; IBR ap-proved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(11) FAA–S–ACS–17, Airline Trans-

port Pilot and Type Rating for Pow-ered-Lift Category Airman Certifi-cation Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §§61.43 and 61.58, and ap-pendix A to this part.

(12) FAA–S–ACS–25, Flight Instructor

for Airplane Category Airman Certifi-cation Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(13) FAA–S–ACS–27, Flight Instructor

for Powered-Lift Category Airman Cer-tification Standards, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(14) FAA–S–ACS–28, Flight Instruc-

tor—Instrument Rating Powered-Lift Airman Certification Standards, No-vember 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(15) FAA–S–ACS–29, Flight Instructor

for Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating Airman Certification Stand-ards, November 2023; IBR approved for §61.43 and appendix A to this part.

[Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR

22516, Apr. 1, 2024]

§ 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or

drugs.

(a) A conviction for the violation of

any Federal or State statute relating to the growing, processing, manufac-ture, sale, disposition, possession, transportation, or importation of nar-cotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant or stimulant drugs or substances is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of final convic-tion; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part. (b) Committing an act prohibited by

§91.17(a) or §91.19(a) of this chapter is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for a cer-

tificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that act; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(d), (e), and (f) of this section, a motor vehicle action means:

(1) A conviction after November 29,

1990, for the violation of any Federal or

State statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al-cohol or a drug, or while under the in-fluence of alcohol or a drug;

(2) The cancellation, suspension, or

revocation of a license to operate a motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, for a cause related to the operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al-cohol or a drug, or while under the in-fluence of alcohol or a drug; or

(3) The denial after November 29,

1990, of an application for a license to operate a motor vehicle for a cause re-lated to the operation of a motor vehi-cle while intoxicated by alcohol or a drug, while impaired by alcohol or a drug, or while under the influence of alcohol or a drug.

(d) Except for a motor vehicle action

that results from the same incident or arises out of the same factual cir-cumstances, a motor vehicle action oc-curring within 3 years of a previous motor vehicle action is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the last motor vehicle action; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

(e) Each person holding a certificate

issued under this part shall provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to the FAA, Civil Aviation Se-curity Division (AMC–700), P.O. Box 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not later than 60 days after the motor vehi-cle action. The report must include:

477 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.19

(1) The person’s name, address, date

of birth, and airman certificate num-ber;

(2) The type of violation that re-

sulted in the conviction or the admin-istrative action;

(3) The date of the conviction or ad-

ministrative action;

(4) The State that holds the record of

conviction or administrative action; and

(5) A statement of whether the motor

vehicle action resulted from the same incident or arose out of the same fac-tual circumstances related to a pre-viously reported motor vehicle action.

(f) Failure to comply with paragraph

(e) of this section is grounds for:

(1) Denial of an application for any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of the motor vehicle action; or

(2) Suspension or revocation of any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

§ 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol

test or to furnish test results.

A refusal to submit to a test to indi-

cate the percentage by weight of alco-hol in the blood, when requested by a law enforcement officer in accordance with §91.17(c) of this chapter, or a re-fusal to furnish or authorize the re-lease of the test results requested by the Administrator in accordance with §91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is grounds for:

(a) Denial of an application for any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part for a period of up to 1 year after the date of that refusal; or

(b) Suspension or revocation of any

certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part.

§ 61.17 Temporary certificate.

(a) A temporary pilot, flight instruc-

tor, or ground instructor certificate or rating is issued for up to 120 days, at which time a permanent certificate will be issued to a person whom the Ad-ministrator finds qualified under this part.

(b) A temporary pilot, flight instruc-

tor, or ground instructor certificate or rating expires: (1) On the expiration date shown on

the certificate;

(2) Upon receipt of the permanent

certificate; or

(3) Upon receipt of a notice that the

certificate or rating sought is denied or revoked.

§ 61.18 [Reserved] § 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor

certificates and privileges.

(a) General. (1) The holder of a certifi-

cate with an expiration date may not, after that date, exercise the privileges of that certificate.

(2) Except for a certificate issued

with an expiration date, a certificate issued under this part is valid unless it is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.

(b) Paper student pilot certificate. A

student pilot certificate issued under this part prior to April 1, 2016 expires:

(1) For student pilots who have not

reached their 40th birthday, 60 calendar months after the month of the date of examination shown on the medical cer-tificate.

(2) For student pilots who have

reached their 40th birthday, 24 calendar months after the month of the date of examination shown on the medical cer-tificate.

(3) For student pilots seeking a glider

rating, balloon rating, or a sport pilot certificate, 60 calendar months after the month of the date issued, regard-less of the person’s age.

cate (including a student pilot certifi-cate issued after April 1, 2016) issued under this part is issued without an ex-piration date.

(2) The holder of a pilot certificate

issued on the basis of a foreign pilot li-cense may exercise the privileges of that certificate only while that per-son’s foreign pilot license is effective.

(d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A

flight instructor certificate issued under this part on or after December 1, 2024, is issued without an expiration date.

(2) A flight instructor certificate

issued before December 1, 2024, expires 24 calendar months from the month in which it was issued, renewed, or rein-stated, as appropriate.

478 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.21

(e) Ground instructor certificate. A

ground instructor certificate is issued without an expiration date.

(f) Return of certificates. The holder of

any airman certificate that is issued under this part, and that has been sus-pended or revoked, must return that certificate to the FAA when requested to do so by the Administrator.

(g) Duration of pilot certificates. Ex-

cept for a temporary certificate issued under §61.17 or a student pilot certifi-cate issued under paragraph (b) of this section, the holder of a paper pilot cer-tificate issued under this part may not exercise the privileges of that certifi-cate after March 31, 2010.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–118, 73 FR 10668, Feb. 28, 2008; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, 2009; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80049, Oct. 1, 2024]

§ 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a

Category III pilot authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 use).

(a) A Category II pilot authorization

or a Category III pilot authorization expires at the end of the sixth calendar month after the month in which it was issued or renewed.

(b) Upon passing a practical test for a

Category II or Category III pilot au-thorization, the authorization may be renewed for each type of aircraft for

which the authorization is held.

authorization for a specific type air-craft for which an authorization is held will not be renewed beyond 12 calendar months from the month the practical test was accomplished in that type air-craft.

(d) If the holder of a Category II or

Category III pilot authorization passes the practical test for a renewal in the month before the authorization ex-pires, the holder is considered to have passed it during the month the author-ization expired.

§ 61.23 Medical certificates: Require-

ment and duration.

(a) Operations requiring a medical cer-

tificate. Except as provided in para-

graphs (b) and (c) of this section, a per-son— (1) Must hold a first-class medical

certificate:

(i) When exercising the pilot-in-com-

mand privileges of an airline transport pilot certificate;

(ii) When exercising the second-in-

command privileges of an airline trans-port pilot certificate in a flag or sup-plemental operation in part 121 of this chapter that requires three or more pi-lots; or

(iii) When serving as a required pilot

flightcrew member in an operation conducted under part 121 of this chap-ter if the pilot has reached his or her 60th birthday.

(2) Must hold at least a second class

medical certificate when exercising:

(i) Second-in-command privileges of

an airline transport pilot certificate in part 121 of this chapter (other than op-erations specified in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section);

(ii) Privileges of a commercial pilot

certificate in an aircraft other than a balloon or glider; or

(iii) Except as provided in paragraph

(b)(5) of this section, privileges of a commercial pilot certificate with a bal-loon class rating for compensation or hire; or

(3) Must hold at least a third-class

medical certificate—

(i) When exercising the privileges of a

private pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, or student pilot cer-tificate, except when operating under the conditions and limitations set forth in §61.113(i);

(ii) When exercising the privileges of

a flight instructor certificate and act-ing as the pilot in command or as a re-quired flightcrew member, except when operating under the conditions and limitations set forth in §61.113(i);

(iii) When taking a practical test in

an aircraft for a recreational pilot, pri-vate pilot, commercial pilot, or airline transport pilot certificate, or for a flight instructor certificate, except when operating under the conditions and limitations set forth in §61.113(i); or

(iv) When performing the duties as an

Examiner in an aircraft when admin-istering a practical test or proficiency check for an airman certificate, rating, or authorization, except when meeting the requirements to operate under the

479 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.23

conditions and limitations set forth in

§61.113(i).

(b) Operations not requiring a medical

certificate. A person is not required to

hold a medical certificate—

(1) When exercising the privileges of

a student pilot certificate while seek-ing—

(i) A sport pilot certificate with glid-

er or balloon privileges; or

(ii) A pilot certificate with a glider

category rating or balloon class rating;

(2) When exercising the privileges of

a sport pilot certificate with privileges in a glider or balloon;

(3) When exercising the privileges of

a pilot certificate with a glider cat-egory rating in a glider;

(4) When exercising the privileges of

a private pilot certificate with a bal-loon class rating in a balloon;

(5) When exercising the privileges of

a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon class rating in a balloon if the person is providing flight training in accordance with §61.133(a)(2)(ii);

(6) When exercising the privileges of

a flight instructor certificate with—

(i) A sport pilot rating in a glider or

balloon; or

(ii) A glider category rating; (7) When exercising the privileges of

a flight instructor certificate if the person is not acting as pilot in com-mand or serving as a required pilot flight crewmember;

(8) When exercising the privileges of

a ground instructor certificate;

(9) When serving as an Examiner or

check airman and administering a practical test or proficiency check for an airman certificate, rating, or au-thorization conducted in a glider, bal-loon, flight simulator, or flight train-ing device;

(10) When taking a practical test or a

proficiency check for a certificate, rat-ing, authorization or operating privi-lege conducted in a glider, balloon, flight simulator, or flight training de-vice;

(11) When a military pilot of the U.S.

Armed Forces can show evidence of an up-to-date medical examination au-thorizing pilot flight status issued by the U.S. Armed Forces and—

(i) The flight does not require higher

than a third-class medical certificate; and (ii) The flight conducted is a domes-

tic flight operation within U.S. air-space; or

(12) When exercising the privileges of

a student pilot certificate or higher while acting as pilot in command on a special medical flight test authorized under part 67 of this chapter.

ical certificate or U.S. driver’s license. (1)

A person must hold and possess either a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter or a U.S. driver’s li-cense when—

(i) Exercising the privileges of a stu-

dent pilot certificate while seeking sport pilot privileges in a light-sport aircraft other than a glider or balloon;

(ii) Exercising the privileges of a

sport pilot certificate in a light-sport aircraft other than a glider or balloon;

(iii) Exercising the privileges of a

flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating while acting as pilot in command or serving as a required flight crewmember of a light-sport air-craft other than a glider or balloon;

(iv) Serving as an Examiner and ad-

ministering a practical test for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate in a light-sport aircraft other than a glider or balloon;

(v) Exercising the privileges of a stu-

dent, recreational or private pilot cer-tificate if the flight is conducted under the conditions and limitations set forth in §61.113(i);

(vi) Exercising the privileges of a

flight instructor certificate and acting as the pilot in command or as a re-quired flight crewmember if the flight is conducted under the conditions and limitations set forth in §61.113(i); or

(vii) Serving as an Examiner and ad-

ministering a practical test or pro-ficiency check for an airman certifi-cate, rating, or authorization if the flight is conducted under the condi-tions and limitations set forth in §61.113(i).

(2) A person using a U.S. driver’s li-

cense to meet the requirements of paragraph (c) while exercising sport pilot privileges must—

(i) Comply with each restriction and

limitation imposed by that person’s U.S. driver’s license and any judicial or administrative order applying to the operation of a motor vehicle;

480 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.23

(ii) Have been found eligible for the

issuance of at least a third-class air-man medical certificate at the time of his or her most recent application (if the person has applied for a medical certificate);

(iii) Not have had his or her most re-

cently issued medical certificate (if the person has held a medical certificate) suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and

(iv) Not know or have reason to know

of any medical condition that would make that person unable to operate a light-sport aircraft in a safe manner.

(3) A person using a U.S. driver’s li-

cense to meet the requirements of paragraph (c) while operating under the conditions and limitations of §61.113(i) must meet the following re-quirements—

(i) The person must— (A) Comply with all medical require-

ments or restrictions associated with his or her U.S. driver’s license;

(B) At any point after July 14, 2006,

have held a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter;

course set forth in §68.3 of this chapter during the 24 calendar months before acting as pilot in command or serving as a required flightcrew member in an operation conducted under §61.113(i) and retain a certification of course completion in accordance with §68.3(b)(1) of this chapter; (D) Receive a comprehensive medical

examination from a State-licensed physician during the 48 calendar months before acting as pilot in com-mand or serving as a required flightcrew member of an operation con-ducted under §61.113(i) and that med-ical examination is conducted in ac-cordance with the requirements in part 68 of this chapter; and

(E) If the individual has been diag-

nosed with any medical condition that may impact the ability of the indi-vidual to fly, be under the care and treatment of a State-licensed physi-cian when acting as pilot in command or serving as a required flightcrew member of an operation conducted under §61.113(i).

(ii) The most recently issued medical

certificate—

(A) May include an authorization for

special issuance;

(B) May be expired; and (C) Cannot have been suspended or

revoked.

(iii) The most recently issued Au-

thorization for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate cannot have been withdrawn; and

(iv) The most recent application for

an airman medical certificate sub-mitted to the FAA cannot have been completed and denied.

(d) Duration of a medical certificate.

Use the following table to determine duration for each class of medical cer-tificate:

If you hold And on the

date of examination for your most recent med-ical certificate you were And you are conducting an operation

requiring Then your medical certificate expires, for that

operation, at the end of the last day of the

(1) A first-class

medical cer-tificate.(i) Under age

40.an airline transport pilot certificate for pilot-in-

command privileges, or for second-in-com-mand privileges in a flag or supplemental operation in part 121 requiring three or more pilots.12th month after the month of the date of ex-

amination shown on the medical certificate.

(ii) Age 40 or

older.an airline transport pilot certificate for pilot-in-

command privileges, for second-in-com-mand privileges in a flag or supplemental operation in part 121 requiring three or more pilots, or for a pilot flightcrew member in part 121 operations who has reached his or her 60th birthday..6th month after the month of the date of ex-

amination shown on the medical certificate.

(iii) Any age .. a commercial pilot certificate (other than a

commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating when conducting flight training), a flight engineer certificate, or an air traffic control tower operator certificate.12th month after the month of the date of ex-

amination shown on the medical certificate.

481 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.23

If you hold And on the

date of examination for your most recent med-ical certificate you were And you are conducting an operation

requiring Then your medical certificate expires, for that

operation, at the end of the last day of the

(iv) Under

age 40.a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot

certificate, a flight instructor certificate (when acting as pilot in command or a re-quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).60th month after the month of the date of ex-

amination shown on the medical certificate.

(v) Age 40 or

older.a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot

amination shown on the medical certificate.

(2) A second-

class med-ical certifi-cate.(i) Any age ... an airline transport pilot certificate for second-

in-command privileges (other than the oper-ations specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this section), a commercial pilot certificate (other than a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating when conducting flight training), a flight engineer certificate, or an air traffic control tower operator certificate.12th month after the month of the date of ex-

amination shown on the medical certificate.

(ii) Under age

40.a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot

amination shown on the medical certificate.

(iii) Age 40 or

older.a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot

amination shown on the medical certificate.

(3) A third-

class med-ical certifi-cate.(i) Under age

40.a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot

amination shown on the medical certificate.

(ii) Age 40 or

older.a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot

amination shown on the medical certificate.

482 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.25

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110,

69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43064, July 24, 2008; Amdt. 61– 121, 73 FR 48125, Aug. 18, 2008; Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–129, 76 FR 78143, Dec. 16, 2011; Amdt. 61–129A, 77 FR 61721, Oct. 11, 2012; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42372, July 15, 2013; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3164, Jan. 11, 2017; Docket FAA–2021–1040, Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71236, Nov. 22, 2022; Docket FAA– 2021–1040; Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71237, Nov. 22, 2022; Docket FAA–2024–2580, Amdt. 61–158, 89 FR 90577, Nov. 18, 2024]

§ 61.25 Change of name.

(a) An application to change the

name on a certificate issued under this part must be accompanied by the appli-cant’s:

(1) Airman certificate; and (2) A copy of the marriage license,

court order, or other document verifying the name change.

(b) The documents in paragraph (a) of

this section will be returned to the ap-plicant after inspection.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.27 Voluntary surrender or ex-

change of certificate.

(a) The holder of a certificate issued

under this part may voluntarily sur-render it for:

(1) Cancellation; (2) Issuance of a lower grade certifi-

cate; or

(3) Another certificate with specific

ratings deleted.

(b) Any request made under para-

graph (a) of this section must include the following signed statement or its equivalent: ‘‘This request is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge that my (insert name of certificate or rating, as appropriate) may not be re-issued to me unless I again pass the tests prescribed for its issuance.’’

§ 61.29 Replacement of a lost or de-

stroyed airman or medical certifi-cate or knowledge test report.

(a) A request for the replacement of a

lost or destroyed airman certificate issued under this part must be made:

(1) By letter to the Department of

Transportation, FAA, Airmen Certifi-cation Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Okla-homa City, OK 73125, and must be ac-companied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the FAA; or (2) In any other manner and form ap-

proved by the Administrator including a request online to Airmen Services at http://www.faa.gov, and must be accom-

panied by acceptable form of payment for the appropriate fee.

(b) A request for the replacement of a

lost or destroyed medical certificate must be made:

(1) By letter to the Department of

Transportation, FAA, Aerospace Med-ical Certification Division, P.O. Box 26200, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the FAA; or

(2) In any other manner and form ap-

proved by the Administrator and must be accompanied by acceptable form of payment for the appropriate fee.

lost or destroyed knowledge test report must be made:

(1) By letter to the Department of

Transportation, FAA, Airmen Certifi-cation Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Okla-homa City, OK 73125, and must be ac-companied by a check or money order for the appropriate fee payable to the FAA; or

(2) In any other manner and form ap-

proved by the Administrator and must be accompanied by acceptable form of payment for the appropriate fee.

(d) The letter requesting replacement

of a lost or destroyed airman certifi-cate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report must state:

(1) The name of the person; (2) The permanent mailing address

(including ZIP code), or if the perma-nent mailing address includes a post of-fice box number, then the person’s cur-rent residential address;

(3) The certificate holder’s date and

place of birth; and

(4) Any information regarding the— (i) Grade, number, and date of

issuance of the airman certificate and ratings, if appropriate;

483 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.31

(ii) Class of medical certificate, the

place and date of the medical exam, name of the Airman Medical Examiner (AME), and the circumstances con-cerning the loss of the original medical certificate, as appropriate; and

(iii) Date the knowledge test was

taken, if appropriate.

(e) A person who has lost an airman

certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report may obtain, in a form or manner approved by the Ad-ministrator, a document conveying temporary authority to exercise cer-tificate privileges from the FAA Aeromedical Certification Branch or the Airman Certification Branch, as appropriate, and the:

(1) Document may be carried as an

airman certificate, medical certificate, or knowledge test report, as appro-priate, for up to 60 days pending the person’s receipt of a duplicate under paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, unless the person has been notified that the certificate has been suspended or revoked.

(2) Request for such a document must

include the date on which a duplicate certificate or knowledge test report was previously requested.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 121, 73 FR 43065, July 24, 2008; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–131, 78 FR 56828, Sept. 16, 2013]

§ 61.31 Type rating requirements, addi-

tional training, and authorization requirements.

(a) Type ratings required. A person

who acts as a pilot in command of any of the following aircraft must hold a type rating for that aircraft:

(1) Large aircraft (except lighter-

than-air).

(2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. (3) Other aircraft specified by the Ad-

ministrator through aircraft type cer-tificate procedures.

(b) Authorization in lieu of a type rat-

ing. A person may be authorized to op-

erate without a type rating for up to 60 days an aircraft requiring a type rat-ing, provided—

(1) The Administrator has authorized

the flight or series of flights;

(2) The Administrator has deter-

mined that an equivalent level of safe-ty can be achieved through the oper-

ating limitations on the authorization;

(3) The person shows that compliance

with paragraph (a) of this section is impracticable for the flight or series of flights; and

(4) The flight— (i) Involves only a ferry flight, train-

ing flight, test flight, or practical test for a pilot certificate or rating;

(ii) Is within the United States; (iii) Does not involve operations for

compensation or hire unless the com-pensation or hire involves payment for the use of the aircraft for training or taking a practical test; and

(iv) Involves only the carriage of

flight crewmembers considered essen-tial for the flight.

(5) If the flight or series of flights

cannot be accomplished within the time limit of the authorization, the Administrator may authorize an addi-tional period of up to 60 days to accom-plish the flight or series of flights.

ratings: Limitations on the carriage of persons, or operating for compensation or hire. Unless a person holds a category,

class, and type rating (if a class and type rating is required) that applies to the aircraft, that person may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying another person, or is oper-ated for compensation or hire. That person also may not act as pilot in command of that aircraft for com-pensation or hire.

(d) Aircraft category, class, and type

ratings: Limitations on operating an air-craft as the pilot in command. To serve

as the pilot in command of an aircraft, a person must—

(1) Hold the appropriate category,

class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is required) for the aircraft to be flown; or

(2) Have received training required by

this part that is appropriate to the pilot certification level, aircraft cat-egory, class, and type rating (if a class or type rating is required) for the air-craft to be flown, and have received an endorsement for solo flight in that air-craft from an authorized instructor.

(e) Additional training required for op-

erating complex airplanes. (1) Except as

provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this sec-tion, no person may act as pilot in

484 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.31

command of a complex airplane, unless

the person has—

(i) Received and logged ground and

flight training from an authorized in-structor in a complex airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a com-plex airplane, and has been found pro-ficient in the operation and systems of the airplane; and

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement

in the pilot’s logbook from an author-ized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a complex air-plane.

(2) The training and endorsement re-

quired by paragraph (e)(1) of this sec-tion is not required if—

(i) The person has logged flight time

as pilot in command of a complex air-plane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is represent-ative of a complex airplane prior to Au-gust 4, 1997; or

(ii) The person has received ground

and flight training under an approved training program and has satisfactorily completed a competency check under §135.293 of this chapter in a complex airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is represent-ative of a complex airplane which must be documented in the pilot’s logbook or training record.

(f) Additional training required for op-

erating high-performance airplanes. (1)

Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a high-perform-ance airplane (an airplane with an en-gine of more than 200 horsepower), un-less the person has—

(i) Received and logged ground and

flight training from an authorized in-structor in a high-performance air-plane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is represent-ative of a high-performance airplane, and has been found proficient in the op-eration and systems of the airplane; and

(ii) Received a one-time endorsement

in the pilot’s logbook from an author-ized instructor who certifies the person is proficient to operate a high-perform-ance airplane.

(2) The training and endorsement re-

quired by paragraph (f)(1) of this sec-tion is not required if— (i) The person has logged flight time

as pilot in command of a high-perform-ance airplane, or in a full flight simu-lator or flight training device that is representative of a high-performance airplane prior to August 4, 1997; or

(ii) The person has received ground

and flight training under an approved training program and has satisfactorily completed a competency check under §135.293 of this chapter in a high per-formance airplane, or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is representative of a high performance airplane which must be documented in the pilot’s logbook or training record.

(g) Additional training required for op-

erating pressurized aircraft capable of op-erating at high altitudes. (1) Except as

provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this sec-tion, no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, which-ever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person has received and logged ground training from an author-ized instructor and obtained an en-dorsement in the person’s logbook or training record from an authorized in-structor who certifies the person has satisfactorily accomplished the ground training. The ground training must in-clude at least the following subjects:

(i) High-altitude aerodynamics and

meteorology;

(ii) Respiration; (iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of

hypoxia and any other high-altitude sickness;

(iv) Duration of consciousness with-

out supplemental oxygen;

(v) Effects of prolonged usage of sup-

plemental oxygen;

(vi) Causes and effects of gas expan-

sion and gas bubble formation;

(vii) Preventive measures for elimi-

nating gas expansion, gas bubble for-mation, and high-altitude sickness;

(viii) Physical phenomena and inci-

dents of decompression; and

(ix) Any other physiological aspects

of high-altitude flight.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph

(g)(3) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft unless that person has received and logged training from an authorized instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or

485 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.31

in a full flight simulator or flight

training device that is representative of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained an endorsement in the person’s logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who found the person pro-ficient in the operation of a pressurized aircraft. The flight training must in-clude at least the following subjects:

(i) Normal cruise flight operations

while operating above 25,000 feet MSL;

(ii) Proper emergency procedures for

simulated rapid decompression without actually depressurizing the aircraft; and

(iii) Emergency descent procedures. (3) The training and endorsement re-

quired by paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of this section are not required if that person can document satisfactory ac-complishment of any of the following in a pressurized aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training de-vice that is representative of a pressur-ized aircraft:

(i) Serving as pilot in command be-

fore April 15, 1991;

(ii) Completing a pilot proficiency

check for a pilot certificate or rating before April 15, 1991;

(iii) Completing an official pilot-in-

command check conducted by the mili-tary services of the United States; or

(iv) Completing a pilot-in-command

proficiency check under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter conducted by the Administrator or by an approved pilot check airman.

(h) Additional aircraft type-specific

training. No person may serve as pilot

in command of an aircraft that the Ad-ministrator has determined requires aircraft type-specific training unless that person has—

(1) Received and logged type-specific

training in the aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight training de-vice that is representative of that type of aircraft; and

(2) Received a logbook endorsement

from an authorized instructor who has found the person proficient in the oper-ation of the aircraft and its systems.

(i) Additional training required for op-

erating tailwheel airplanes. (1) Except as

provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this sec-tion, no person may act as pilot in command of a tailwheel airplane unless that person has received and logged flight training from an authorized in-

structor in a tailwheel airplane and re-ceived an endorsement in the person’s logbook from an authorized instructor who found the person proficient in the operation of a tailwheel airplane. The flight training must include at least the following maneuvers and proce-dures:

(i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs

and landings;

(ii) Wheel landings (unless the manu-

facturer has recommended against such landings); and

(iii) Go-around procedures. (2) The training and endorsement re-

quired by paragraph (i)(1) of this sec-tion is not required if the person logged pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel airplane before April 15, 1991.

(j) Additional training required for op-

erating a glider. (1) No person may act

as pilot in command of a glider—

(i) Using ground-tow procedures, un-

less that person has satisfactorily ac-complished ground and flight training on ground-tow procedures and oper-ations, and has received an endorse-ment from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot’s logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in ground-tow procedures and oper-ations;

(ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless

that person has satisfactorily accom-plished ground and flight training on aerotow procedures and operations, and has received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot’s logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in aerotow proce-dures and operations; or

(iii) Using self-launch procedures, un-

less that person has satisfactorily ac-complished ground and flight training on self-launch procedures and oper-ations, and has received an endorse-ment from an authorized instructor who certifies in that pilot’s logbook that the pilot has been found proficient in self-launch procedures and oper-ations.

(2) The holder of a glider rating

issued prior to August 4, 1997, is consid-ered to be in compliance with the training and logbook endorsement re-quirements of this paragraph for the specific operating privilege for which the holder is already qualified.

486 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.31

(k) Additional training required for

night vision goggle operations. (1) Except

as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft using night vision goggles only if that person re-ceives and logs ground training from an authorized instructor and obtains a logbook or training record endorse-ment from an authorized instructor who certifies the person completed the

ground training. The ground training must include the following subjects:

(i) Applicable portions of this chapter

that relate to night vision goggle limi-tations and flight operations;

(ii) Aeromedical factors related to

the use of night vision goggles, includ-ing how to protect night vision, how the eyes adapt to night, self-imposed stresses that affect night vision, effects of lighting on night vision, cues used to estimate distance and depth perception at night, and visual illusions;

(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer-

gency operations of night vision goggle equipment;

(iv) Night vision goggle performance

and scene interpretation; and

(v) Night vision goggle operation

flight planning, including night terrain interpretation and factors affecting terrain interpretation.

(2) Except as provided under para-

graph (k)(3) of this section, a person may act as pilot in command of an air-craft using night vision goggles only if that person receives and logs flight training from an authorized instructor and obtains a logbook or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor who found the person pro-ficient in the use of night vision gog-gles. The flight training must include the following tasks:

(i) Preflight and use of internal and

external aircraft lighting systems for night vision goggle operations;

(ii) Preflight preparation of night vi-

sion goggles for night vision goggle op-erations;

(iii) Proper piloting techniques when

using night vision goggles during the takeoff, climb, enroute, descent, and landing phases of flight; and

(iv) Normal, abnormal, and emer-

gency flight operations using night vi-sion goggles. (3) The requirements under para-

graphs (k)(1) and (2) of this section do not apply if a person can document sat-isfactory completion of any of the fol-lowing pilot proficiency checks using night vision goggles in an aircraft:

(i) A pilot proficiency check on night

vision goggle operations conducted by the U.S. Armed Forces.

(ii) A pilot proficiency check on

night vision goggle operations under part 135 of this chapter conducted by an Examiner or Check Airman.

(iii) A pilot proficiency check on

night vision goggle operations con-ducted by a night vision goggle manu-facturer or authorized instructor, when the pilot—

(A) Is employed by a Federal, State,

county, or municipal law enforcement agency; and

(B) Has logged at least 20 hours as

pilot in command in night vision gog-gle operations.

(l) Exceptions. (1) This section does

not require a category and class rating for aircraft not type-certificated as air-planes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter- than-air aircraft, powered-lifts, pow-ered parachutes, or weight-shift-con-trol aircraft.

(2) The rating limitations of this sec-

tion do not apply to—

(i) An applicant when taking a prac-

tical test given by an examiner;

(ii) The holder of a student pilot cer-

tificate;

(iii) The holder of a pilot certificate

when operating an aircraft under the authority of—

(A) A provisional type certificate; or (B) An experimental certificate, un-

less the operation involves carrying a passenger;

(iv) The holder of a pilot certificate

with a lighter-than-air category rating when operating a balloon;

(v) The holder of a recreational pilot

certificate operating under the provi-sions of §61.101(h); or

(vi) The holder of a sport pilot cer-

tificate when operating a light-sport aircraft.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018]

487 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.39

EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.31 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.33 Tests: General procedure.

Tests prescribed by or under this part

are given at times and places, and by persons designated by the Adminis-trator.

§ 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites

and passing grades.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge test

must have:

(1) Received an endorsement, if re-

quired by this part, from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant accomplished the appropriate ground- training or a home-study course re-quired by this part for the certificate or rating sought and is prepared for the knowledge test;

(2) For the knowledge test for an air-

line transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating, a graduation certificate for the airline transport pilot certification training program specified in §61.156; and

(3) Proper identification at the time

of application that contains the appli-cant’s—

(i) Photograph; (ii) Signature; (iii) Date of birth, which shows: (A) For issuance of certificates other

than the ATP certificate with an air-plane category multiengine class rat-ing, the applicant meets or will meet the age requirements of this part for the certificate sought before the expi-ration date of the airman knowledge test report; and

(B) For issuance of an ATP certifi-

cate with an airplane category multi-engine class rating obtained under the aeronautical experience requirements of §61.159 or §61.160, the applicant is at least 18 years of age at the time of the knowledge test;

(iv) If the permanent mailing address

is a post office box number, then the applicant must provide a current resi-dential address. (b) The Administrator shall specify

the minimum passing grade for the knowledge test.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42373, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77573, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021]

§ 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or

other unauthorized conduct.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge test

may not:

(1) Copy or intentionally remove any

knowledge test;

(2) Give to another applicant or re-

ceive from another applicant any part or copy of a knowledge test;

(3) Give assistance on, or receive as-

sistance on, a knowledge test during the period that test is being given;

(4) Take any part of a knowledge test

on behalf of another person;

(5) Be represented by, or represent,

another person for a knowledge test;

(6) Use any material or aid during the

period that the test is being given, un-less specifically authorized to do so by the Administrator; and

(7) Intentionally cause, assist, or par-

ticipate in any act prohibited by this paragraph.

(b) An applicant who the Adminis-

trator finds has committed an act pro-hibited by paragraph (a) of this section is prohibited, for 1 year after the date of committing that act, from:

(1) Applying for any certificate, rat-

ing, or authorization issued under this chapter; and

(2) Applying for and taking any test

under this chapter.

an applicant may be suspended or re-voked if the Administrator finds that person has committed an act prohib-ited by paragraph (a) of this section.

§ 61.39 Prerequisites for practical

tests.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs

(b), (c), (e), and (f) of this section, to be eligible for a practical test for a cer-tificate or rating issued under this part, an applicant must:

(1) Pass the required knowledge test: (i) Within the 24-calendar-month pe-

riod preceding the month the applicant

488 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.39

completes the practical test, if a

knowledge test is required; or

(ii) Within the 60-calendar month pe-

riod preceding the month the applicant

completes the practical test for those applicants who complete the airline transport pilot certification training program in §61.156 and pass the knowl-edge test for an airline transport pilot certificate with a multiengine class rating after July 31, 2014;

(2) Present the knowledge test report

at the time of application for the prac-tical test, if a knowledge test is re-quired;

(3) Have satisfactorily accomplished

the required training and obtained the aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the certificate or rating sought, and if applying for the prac-tical test with flight time accom-plished under §61.159(c), present a copy of the records required by §135.63(a)(4)(vi) and (x) of this chapter;

(4) Hold at least a third-class medical

certificate, if a medical certificate is required;

(5) Meet the prescribed age require-

ment of this part for the issuance of the certificate or rating sought;

(6) Have an endorsement, if required

by this part, in the applicant’s logbook or training record that has been signed by an authorized instructor who cer-tifies that the applicant—

(i) Has received and logged training

time within 2 calendar months pre-ceding the month of application in preparation for the practical test;

(ii) Is prepared for the required prac-

tical test; and

(iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory

knowledge of the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test; and

(7) Have a completed and signed ap-

plication form.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph

(e) of this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot cer-tificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating may take the practical test with an expired knowledge test only if the applicant passed the knowledge test after July 31, 2014, and is employed: (1) As a flightcrew member by a part

119 certificate holder conducting oper-ations under parts 125 or 135 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accom-plished that operator’s approved pilot- in-command training or checking pro-gram; or

(2) As a flightcrew member by a part

119 certificate holder conducting oper-ations under part 121 of this chapter at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily accomplished that opera-tor’s approved initial training pro-gram; or

(3) By the U.S. Armed Forces as a

flightcrew member in U.S. military air transport operations at the time of the practical test and has satisfactorily completed the pilot in command air-craft qualification training program that is appropriate to the pilot certifi-cate and rating sought.

(e) of this section, an applicant for an airline transport pilot certificate with a rating other than those ratings set forth in paragraph (b) of this section may take the practical test for that certificate or rating with an expired knowledge test report, provided that the applicant is employed:

(1) As a flightcrew member by a part

(2) By the U.S. Armed Forces as a

(d) In addition to the requirements in

paragraph (a) of this section, to be eli-gible for a practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate with an air-plane category multiengine class rat-ing or airline transport pilot certifi-cate obtained concurrently with a mul-tiengine airplane type rating, an appli-cant must:

(1) If the applicant passed the knowl-

edge test after July 31, 2014, present the

489 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.40

graduation certificate for the airline

transport pilot certification training program in §61.156, at the time of appli-cation for the practical test;

(2) If applying for the practical test

under the aeronautical experience re-quirements of §61.160(a), the applicant must present the documents required by that section to substantiate eligi-bility; and

(3) If applying for the practical test

under the aeronautical experience re-quirements of §61.160(b), (c), or (d), the applicant must present an official tran-script and certifying document from an institution of higher education that holds a letter of authorization from the Administrator under §61.169.

(e) An applicant for an airman cer-

tificate or rating issued under this part 61 may take a practical test with an expired knowledge test if the applicant meets the requirements specified in §61.40.

(f) A person is not required to comply

with the provisions of paragraph (a)(6) of this section if that person:

(1) Holds a foreign pilot license issued

by a contracting State to the Conven-tion on International Civil Aviation that authorizes at least the privileges of the pilot certificate sought;

(2) Is only applying for a type rating;

(3) Is applying for an airline trans-

port pilot certificate or an additional rating to an airline transport pilot cer-tificate in an aircraft that does not re-quire an aircraft type rating practical test.

(g) If all increments of the practical

test for a certificate or rating are not completed on the same date, then all the remaining increments of the test must be completed within 2 calendar months after the month the applicant began the test.

(h) If all increments of the practical

test for a certificate or rating are not completed within 2 calendar months after the month the applicant began the test, the applicant must retake the

entire practical test.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42373, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77573, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30726, June 27, 2018; Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021; Dock-et FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80049, Oct. 1, 2024]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.39 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.40 Relief for U.S. Military and ci-

vilian personnel who are assigned outside the United States in sup-port of U.S. Armed Forces oper-ations.

(a) Relief. A person who satisfies the

requirements of paragraph (b) of this section may use the following docu-ments to demonstrate eligibility to renew a flight instructor certificate, establish recent flight instructor expe-rience, take a practical test, or renew an inspection authorization, as appro-priate:

(1) For flight instructor certificates

issued before December 1, 2024, an ex-pired flight instructor certificate to show eligibility for renewal of a flight instructor certificate under §61.197;

(2) Except as provided in paragraph

(a)(3) of this section, for flight instruc-tor certificates issued after December 1, 2024, a record demonstrating the last recent experience event accomplished under §61.197 to show eligibility to re-establish recent experience under §61.197;

(3) For persons who were issued a

flight instructor certificate after De-cember 1, 2024, and who served in a U.S. military or civilian capacity outside the United States in support of a U.S. Armed Forces operation for some pe-riod of time during the 24 calendar months following the issuance of the person’s flight instructor certificate, a flight instructor certificate dem-onstrating the date of issuance to show eligibility to establish recent experi-ence under §61.197;

(4) An expired written test report to

show eligibility under this part to take a practical test;

490 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.41

(5) An expired written test report to

show eligibility to take a practical test required under part 63 of this chapter; and

(6) An expired written test report to

show eligibility to take a practical test required under part 65 of this chapter or an expired inspection authorization to show eligibility for renewal under §65.93.

(b) Eligibility. A person is eligible for

the relief specified in paragraph (a) of this section if that person meets the following requirements:

(1) The person must have served in a

U.S. military or civilian capacity out-side the United States in support of a U.S. Armed Forces operation during some period of time beginning on or after September 11, 2001;

(2) One of the following occurred

while the person served in an operation as set forth in paragraph (b)(1) of this

section or within 6 calendar months after returning to the United States—

(i) The person’s flight instructor cer-

tificate issued before December 1, 2024, airman written test report, or inspec-tion authorization expired; or

(ii) For flight instructor certificates

issued after December 1, 2024, the per-son has not met the flight instructor recent experience requirements within the preceding 24 calendar months in ac-cordance with §61.197; and

(3) The person complies with §61.197

or §65.93 of this chapter, as appro-priate, or completes the appropriate practical test within 6 calendar months after returning to the United States.

the relief specified in paragraph (a) of this section, a person must complete and sign an application appropriate to the relief sought and send the applica-tion to the appropriate Flight Stand-ards office. The person must include with the application one of the fol-lowing documents, which must show the date of assignment outside the United States and the date of return to the United States:

(1) An official U.S. Government noti-

fication of personnel action, or equiva-lent document, showing the person was a civilian on official duty for the U.S. Government outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces operation some time on or after

September 11, 2001;

(2) Military orders validating the per-

son was assigned to duty outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces operation some time on or after September 11, 2001; or

(3) A letter from the person’s mili-

tary commander or civilian supervisor providing the dates during which the person served outside the United States and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces operation some time on or after September 11, 2001.

[Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR

80050, Oct. 1, 2024]

§ 61.41 Flight training received from

flight instructors not certificated by the FAA.

(a) A person may credit flight train-

ing toward the requirements of a pilot certificate or rating issued under this part, if that person received the train-ing from:

(1) A flight instructor of an Armed

Force in a program for training mili-tary pilots of either—

(i) The United States; or (ii) A foreign contracting State to

the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

(2) A flight instructor who is author-

ized to give such training by the licens-ing authority of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on Inter-national Civil Aviation, and the flight training is given outside the United States.

(b) A flight instructor described in

paragraph (a) of this section is only au-thorized to give endorsements to show training given.

§ 61.43 Practical tests: General proce-

dures.

(a) Completion of the practical test

for a certificate or rating consists of—

(1) Performing the tasks specified in

the areas of operation contained in the applicable Airman Certification Stand-ards or Practical Test Standards (in-corporated by reference, see §61.14) as listed in appendix A of this part for the airman certificate or rating sought;

(2) Demonstrating mastery of the air-

craft by performing each task required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section suc-cessfully;

491 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.45

(3) Demonstrating proficiency and

competency of the tasks required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section within

the approved standards; and

(4) Demonstrating sound judgment. (b) The pilot flight crew complement

required during the practical test is based on one of the following require-ments that applies to the aircraft being used on the practical test:

(1) If the aircraft’s FAA-approved

flight manual requires the pilot flight crew complement be a single pilot, then the applicant must demonstrate single pilot proficiency on the prac-tical test.

(2) If the aircraft’s type certification

data sheet requires the pilot flight crew complement be a single pilot, then the applicant must demonstrate single pilot proficiency on the prac-tical test.

(3) If the FAA Flight Standardization

Board report, FAA-approved aircraft flight manual, or aircraft type certifi-cation data sheet allows the pilot flight crew complement to be either a single pilot, or a pilot and a copilot, then the applicant may demonstrate single pilot proficiency or have a copi-lot on the practical test. If the appli-cant performs the practical test with a copilot, the limitation of ‘‘Second in Command Required’’ will be placed on the applicant’s pilot certificate. The limitation may be removed if the appli-cant passes the practical test by dem-onstrating single-pilot proficiency in the aircraft in which single-pilot privi-leges are sought.

operation, that applicant fails the practical test.

(d) An applicant is not eligible for a

certificate or rating sought until all the areas of operation are passed.

(e) The examiner or the applicant

may discontinue a practical test at any time:

(1) When the applicant fails one or

more of the areas of operation; or

(2) Due to inclement weather condi-

tions, aircraft airworthiness, or any other safety-of-flight concern.

(f) If a practical test is discontinued,

the applicant is entitled credit for those areas of operation that were passed, but only if the applicant: (1) Passes the remainder of the prac-

tical test within the 60-day period after the date the practical test was discon-tinued;

(2) Presents to the examiner for the

retest the original notice of dis-approval form or the letter of dis-continuance form, as appropriate;

(3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any

additional training needed and obtains the appropriate instructor endorse-ments, if additional training is re-quired; and

(4) Presents to the examiner for the

retest a properly completed and signed application.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR 22517, Apr. 1, 2024]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.43 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.45 Practical tests: Required air-

craft and equipment.

(a) General. Except as provided in

paragraph (a)(2) of this section or when permitted to accomplish the entire flight increment of the practical test in a flight simulator or a flight train-ing device, an applicant for a certifi-cate or rating issued under this part must furnish:

(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for

each required test that—

(i) Is of the category, class, and type,

if applicable, for which the applicant is applying for a certificate or rating; and

(ii) Has a standard airworthiness cer-

tificate or special airworthiness certifi-cate in the limited, primary, or light- sport category.

(2) At the discretion of the examiner

who administers the practical test, the applicant may furnish—

(i) An aircraft that has an airworthi-

ness certificate other than a standard airworthiness certificate or special air-worthiness certificate in the limited, primary, or light-sport category, but that otherwise meets the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section;

(ii) An aircraft of the same category,

class, and type, if applicable, of foreign registry that is properly certificated by the country of registry; or

492 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.47

(iii) A military aircraft of the same

category, class, and type, if aircraft class and type are appropriate, for

which the applicant is applying for a certificate or rating, and provided—

(A) The aircraft is under the direct

operational control of the U.S. Armed Forces;

(B) The aircraft is airworthy under

the maintenance standards of the U.S. Armed Forces; and

his or her commanding officer author-izing the use of the aircraft for the practical test.

(b) Required equipment (other than con-

trols). (1) Except as provided in para-

graph (b)(2) of this section, an aircraft used for a practical test must have—

(i) The equipment for each area of op-

eration required for the practical test;

(ii) No prescribed operating limita-

tions that prohibit its use in any of the areas of operation required for the practical test;

(iii) Except as provided in paragraphs

(e) and (f) of this section, at least two pilot stations with adequate visibility for each person to operate the aircraft safely; and

(iv) Cockpit and outside visibility

adequate to evaluate the performance of the applicant when an additional jump seat is provided for the examiner.

(2) An applicant for a certificate or

rating may use an aircraft with oper-ating characteristics that preclude the applicant from performing all of the tasks required for the practical test. However, the applicant’s certificate or rating, as appropriate, will be issued with an appropriate limitation.

er-than-air aircraft, and a glider with-out an engine, an aircraft used for a practical test must have engine power controls and flight controls that are easily reached and operable in a con-ventional manner by both pilots, un-less the Examiner determines that the practical test can be conducted safely in the aircraft without the controls easily reached by the Examiner.

(d) Simulated instrument flight equip-

ment. An applicant for a practical test

that involves maneuvering an aircraft solely by reference to instruments must furnish: (1) Equipment on board the aircraft

that permits the applicant to pass the areas of operation that apply to the rating sought; and

(2) A device that prevents the appli-

cant from having visual reference out-side the aircraft, but does not prevent the examiner from having visual ref-erence outside the aircraft, and is oth-erwise acceptable to the Adminis-trator.

(e) Aircraft with single controls. A

practical test may be conducted in an aircraft having a single set of controls, provided the:

(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the

test;

(2) Test does not involve a dem-

onstration of instrument skills; and

(3) Proficiency of the applicant can

be observed by an examiner who is in a position to observe the applicant.

(f) Light-sport aircraft with a single

seat. A practical test for a sport pilot

certificate may be conducted in a light-sport aircraft having a single seat provided that the—

(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the

test;

(2) Examiner is in a position to ob-

serve the operation of the aircraft and evaluate the proficiency of the appli-cant; and

(3) Pilot certificate of an applicant

successfully passing the test is issued a pilot certificate with a limitation ‘‘No passenger carriage and flight in a sin-gle-seat light-sport aircraft only.’’

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.45 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.47 Status of an examiner who is

authorized by the Administrator to conduct practical tests.

(a) An examiner represents the Ad-

ministrator for the purpose of con-ducting practical tests for certificates and ratings issued under this part and to observe an applicant’s ability to per-form the areas of operation on the practical test.

493 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.51

(b) The examiner is not the pilot in

command of the aircraft during the practical test unless the examiner agrees to act in that capacity for the

flight or for a portion of the flight by prior arrangement with:

(1) The applicant; or (2) A person who would otherwise act

as pilot in command of the flight or for a portion of the flight.

craft used during the practical test, the applicant and the examiner (and any other occupants authorized to be on board by the examiner) are not subject to the requirements or limitations for the carriage of passengers that are specified in this chapter.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997]

EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.47 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.49 Retesting after failure.

(a) An applicant for a knowledge or

practical test who fails that test may reapply for the test only after the ap-plicant has received:

(1) The necessary training from an

authorized instructor who has deter-mined that the applicant is proficient to pass the test; and

(2) An endorsement from an author-

ized instructor who gave the applicant the additional training.

(b) An applicant for a flight instruc-

tor certificate with an airplane cat-egory rating or, for a flight instructor certificate with a glider category rat-ing, who has failed the practical test due to deficiencies in instructional pro-ficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin recovery must:

(1) Comply with the requirements of

paragraph (a) of this section before being retested;

(2) Bring an aircraft to the retest

that is of the appropriate aircraft cat-egory for the rating sought and is cer-tificated for spins; and

(3) Demonstrate satisfactory instruc-

tional proficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to an examiner during the retest. § 61.51 Pilot logbooks.

(a) Training time and aeronautical ex-

perience. Each person must document

and record the following time in a manner acceptable to the Adminis-trator:

(1) Training and aeronautical experi-

ence used to meet the requirements for a certificate, rating, or flight review of this part.

(2) The aeronautical experience re-

quired for meeting the recent flight ex-perience requirements of this part.

(b) Logbook entries. For the purposes

of meeting the requirements of para-graph (a) of this section, each person must enter the following information for each flight or lesson logged:

(1) General— (i) Date. (ii) Total flight time or lesson time. (iii) Location where the aircraft de-

parted and arrived, or for lessons in a full flight simulator or flight training device, the location where the lesson occurred.

(iv) Type and identification of air-

craft, full flight simulator, flight train-ing device, or aviation training device, as appropriate.

(v) The name of a safety pilot, if re-

quired by §91.109 of this chapter.

(2) Type of pilot experience or train-

ing—

(i) Solo. (ii) Pilot in command. (iii) Second in command. (iv) Flight and ground training re-

ceived from an authorized instructor.

(v) Training received in a full flight

simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device from an au-thorized instructor.

(3) Conditions of flight—

(i) Day or night. (ii) Actual instrument. (iii) Simulated instrument conditions

in flight, a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device.

(iv) Use of night vision goggles in an

aircraft in flight, in a full flight simu-lator, or in a flight training device.

time described in this section may be used to:

(1) Apply for a certificate or rating

issued under this part or a privilege au-thorized under this part; or

494 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.51

(2) Satisfy the recent flight experi-

ence requirements of this part.

(d) Logging of solo flight time. Except

for a student pilot performing the du-ties of pilot in command of an airship requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember, a pilot may log as solo flight time only that flight time when the pilot is the sole occupant of the aircraft.

(e) Logging pilot-in-command flight

time. (1) A sport, recreational, private,

commercial, or airline transport pilot may log pilot in command flight time for flights-

(i) Except when logging flight time

under §61.159(c), when the pilot is the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated, or has sport pilot privileges for that cat-egory and class of aircraft, if the air-craft class rating is appropriate;

(ii) When the pilot is the sole occu-

pant in the aircraft;

(iii) When the pilot, except for a

holder of a sport or recreational pilot certificate, acts as pilot in command of an aircraft for which more than one pilot is required under the type certifi-cation of the aircraft or the regula-tions under which the flight is con-ducted; or

(iv) When the pilot performs the du-

ties of pilot in command while under the supervision of a qualified pilot in command provided—

(A) The pilot performing the duties of

pilot in command holds a commercial or airline transport pilot certificate and aircraft rating that is appropriate to the category and class of aircraft being flown, if a class rating is appro-priate;

(B) The pilot performing the duties of

pilot in command is undergoing an ap-proved pilot in command training pro-gram that includes ground and flight training on the following areas of oper-ation—

(1) Preflight preparation;

(2) Preflight procedures;

(3) Takeoff and departure;

(4) In-flight maneuvers;

(5) Instrument procedures;

(6) Landings and approaches to land-

ings;

(7) Normal and abnormal procedures;

(8) Emergency procedures; and

(9) Postflight procedures; (C) The supervising pilot in command

holds—

(1) A commercial pilot certificate and

flight instructor certificate, and air-craft rating that is appropriate to the category, class, and type of aircraft being flown, if a class or type rating is required; or

(2) An airline transport pilot certifi-

cate and aircraft rating that is appro-priate to the category, class, and type of aircraft being flown, if a class or type rating is required; and

(D) The supervising pilot in command

logs the pilot in command training in the pilot’s logbook, certifies the pilot in command training in the pilot’s log-book and attests to that certification with his or her signature, and flight in-structor certificate number.

(2) If rated to act as pilot in com-

mand of the aircraft, an airline trans-port pilot may log all flight time while acting as pilot in command of an oper-ation requiring an airline transport pilot certificate.

(3) A certificated flight instructor

may log pilot in command flight time for all flight time while serving as the authorized instructor in an operation if the instructor is rated to act as pilot in command of that aircraft.

(4) A student pilot may log pilot-in-

command time only when the student pilot—

(i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft

or is performing the duties of pilot of command of an airship requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember;

(ii) Has a solo flight endorsement as

required under §61.87 of this part; and

(iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot

certificate or rating.

(5) A commercial pilot or airline

transport pilot may log all flight time while acting as pilot in command of an operation in accordance with §135.99(c) of this chapter if the flight is con-ducted in accordance with an approved second-in-command professional devel-opment program that meets the re-quirements of §135.99(c) of this chapter.

(f) Logging second-in-command flight

time. A person may log second-in-com-

mand time only for that flight time during which that person:

(1) Is qualified in accordance with the

second-in-command requirements of

495 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.51

§61.55, and occupies a crewmember sta-

tion in an aircraft that requires more than one pilot by the aircraft’s type certificate;

(2) Holds the appropriate category,

class, and instrument rating (if a class or instrument rating is required for the flight) for the aircraft being flown, and more than one pilot is required under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted;

(3) Serves as second-in-command in

(4) Is designated by a government en-

tity as second-in-command when oper-ating in accordance with paragraph (j)(4) of this section, provided the air-craft used is a large aircraft or turbo- jet powered airplane or holds or origi-nally held a type certificate that re-quires a second pilot provided that:

(i) Second-in-command time logged

under this paragraph (f)(4) may not be used to meet the aeronautical experi-ence requirements for the private or commercial pilot certificates or an in-strument rating; and

(ii) An applicant for an airline trans-

port pilot certificate who logs second in command time under this paragraph (f)(4) in an aircraft that is not type cer-tificated for two pilots issued an air-line transport pilot certificate with the limitation ‘‘Holder does not meet the pilot in command aeronautical experi-ence requirements of ICAO,’’ as pre-scribed under Article 39 of the Conven-tion on International Civil Aviation if the applicant does not meet the ICAO requirements contained in Annex 1 ‘‘Personnel Licensing’’ to the Conven-tion on International Civil Aviation. An applicant is entitled to an airline transport pilot certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under this paragraph (f)(4)(ii) when the applicant presents satisfactory evidence of hav-ing met the ICAO requirements and otherwise meets the aeronautical expe-

rience requirements of §61.159 or §61.161, as applicable. (g) Logging instrument time. (1) A per-

son may log instrument time only for that flight time when the person oper-ates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated instrument flight conditions.

(2) An authorized instructor may log

instrument time when conducting in-strument flight instruction in actual instrument flight conditions.

(3) For the purposes of logging in-

strument time to meet the recent in-strument experience requirements of §61.57(c) of this part, the following in-formation must be recorded in the per-son’s logbook—

(i) The location and type of each in-

strument approach accomplished; and

(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if

required.

(4) A person may use time in a full

flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device for acquir-ing instrument aeronautical experience for a pilot certificate or rating pro-vided an authorized instructor is present to observe that time and signs the person’s logbook or training record to verify the time and the content of the training session.

(5) A person may use time in a full

flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device for satis-fying instrument recency experience requirements provided a logbook or training record is maintained to speci-fy the training device, time, and the content.

(h) Logging training time. (1) A person

may log training time when that per-son receives training from an author-ized instructor in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device.

(2) The training time must be logged

in a logbook and must:

(i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by

the authorized instructor; and

(ii) Include a description of the train-

ing given, the length of the training lesson, and the authorized instructor’s signature, certificate number, and cer-tificate expiration date or recent expe-rience end date, consistent with the re-quirements of §61.197.

(i) Presentation of required documents.

(1) Persons must present their pilot certificate, medical certificate, log-book, or any other record required by

496 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.52

this part for inspection upon a reason-

able request by—

(i) The Administrator; (ii) An authorized representative

from the National Transportation Safe-ty Board; or

(iii) Any Federal, State, or local law

enforcement officer.

(2) A student pilot must carry the

following items in the aircraft on all solo cross-country flights as evidence of the required authorized instructor clearances and endorsements—

(i) Pilot logbook; (ii) Student pilot certificate; and (iii) Any other record required by

this section.

(3) A sport pilot must carry his or her

logbook or other evidence of required authorized instructor endorsements on all flights.

(4) A recreational pilot must carry

his or her logbook with the required authorized instructor endorsements on all solo flights—

(i) That exceed 50 nautical miles

from the airport at which training was received;

(ii) Within airspace that requires

communication with air traffic con-trol;

(iii) Conducted between sunset and

sunrise; or

(iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot

does not hold an appropriate category or class rating.

(5) A flight instructor with a sport

pilot rating must carry his or her log-book or other evidence of required au-thorized instructor endorsements on all flights when providing flight train-ing.

(j) Aircraft requirements for logging

flight time. For a person to log flight

time, the time must be acquired in an aircraft that is identified as an aircraft under §61.5(b), and is—

(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry with

either a standard or special airworthi-ness certificate;

(2) An aircraft of foreign registry

with an airworthiness certificate that is approved by the aviation authority of a foreign country that is a Member State to the Convention on Inter-national Civil Aviation Organization;

(3) A military aircraft under the di-

rect operational control of the U.S. Armed Forces; or (4) An aircraft used to conduct a pub-

lic aircraft operation under 49 U.S.C. 40102(a)(41) and 40125.

(k) Logging night vision goggle time. (1)

A person may log night vision goggle time only for the time the person uses

night vision goggles as the primary vis-ual reference of the surface and oper-ates:

(i) An aircraft during a night vision

goggle operation; or

(ii) A full flight simulator or flight

training device with the lighting sys-tem adjusted to represent the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and end-ing 1 hour before sunrise.

(2) An authorized instructor may log

night vision goggle time when that per-son conducts training using night vi-sion goggles as the primary visual ref-erence of the surface and operates:

(i) An aircraft during a night goggle

operation; or

(ii) A full flight simulator or flight

training device with the lighting sys-tem adjusted to represent the period beginning 1 hour after sunset and end-ing 1 hour before sunrise.

(3) To log night vision goggle time to

meet the recent night vision goggle ex-perience requirements under §61.57(f), a person must log the information re-quired under §61.51(b).

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30277, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80050, Oct. 1, 2024; Docket FAA–2023– 1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80339, Oct. 2, 2024]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.51 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80050, Oct. 1, 2024, effective Mar. 1, 2027, and by Docket FAA– 2023–1275, Amdt. 61–157, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, effective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.52 Use of aeronautical experience

obtained in ultralight vehicles.

(a) Before January 31, 2012, a person

may use aeronautical experience ob-tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the requirements for the following cer-tificates and ratings issued under this part:

(1) A sport pilot certificate. (2) A flight instructor certificate

with a sport pilot rating;

497 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.55

(3) A private pilot certificate with a

weight-shift-control or powered para-chute category rating.

(b) Before January 31, 2012, a person

may use aeronautical experience ob-tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the provisions of §61.69.

rience obtained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the requirements for a certifi-cate or rating specified in paragraph (a) of this section or the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section must—

(1) Have been a registered ultralight

pilot with an FAA-recognized ultra-light organization when that aero-nautical experience was obtained;

(2) Document and log that aero-

nautical experience in accordance with the provisions for logging aeronautical experience specified by an FAA-recog-nized ultralight organization and in ac-cordance with the provisions for log-ging pilot time in aircraft as specified in §61.51;

(3) Obtain the aeronautical experi-

ence in a category and class of vehicle corresponding to the rating or privilege sought; and

(4) Provide the FAA with a certified

copy of his or her ultralight pilot records from an FAA-recognized ultra-light organization, that —

(i) Document that he or she is a reg-

istered ultralight pilot with that FAA- recognized ultralight organization; and

(ii) Indicate that he or she is recog-

nized to operate the category and class of aircraft for which sport pilot privi-leges are sought.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44865, July 27,

2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010]

§ 61.53 Prohibition on operations dur-

ing medical deficiency.

(a) Operations that require a medical

certificate. Except as provided for in

paragraph (b) of this section, no person who holds a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter may act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember, while that person:

(1) Knows or has reason to know of

any medical condition that would make the person unable to meet the re-quirements for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation; or (2) Is taking medication or receiving

other treatment for a medical condi-tion that results in the person being unable to meet the requirements for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation.

(b) Operations that do not require a

medical certificate. For operations pro-

vided for in §61.23(b) of this part, a per-son shall not act as pilot in command, or in any other capacity as a required pilot flight crewmember, while that person knows or has reason to know of any medical condition that would make the person unable to operate the aircraft in a safe manner.

tificate or a U.S. driver’s license. For op-

erations provided for in §61.23(c), a per-son must meet the provisions of—

(1) Paragraph (a) of this section if

that person holds a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter and does not hold a U.S. driver’s license.

(2) Paragraph (b) of this section if

that person holds a U.S. driver’s li-cense.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.55 Second-in-command qualifica-

tions.

(a) A person may serve as a second-

in-command of an aircraft type certifi-cated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or in operations re-quiring a second-in-command pilot flight crewmember only if that person holds:

(1) At least a private pilot certificate

with the appropriate category and class rating; and

(2) An instrument rating or privilege

that applies to the aircraft being flown if the flight is under IFR; and

(3) At least a pilot type rating for the

aircraft being flown unless the flight will be conducted as domestic flight

operations within the United States airspace.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph

(e) of this section, no person may serve as a second-in-command of an aircraft type certificated for more than one re-quired pilot flight crewmember or in

498 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.55

operations requiring a second-in-com-

mand unless that person has within the previous 12 calendar months:

(1) Become familiar with the fol-

lowing information for the specific type aircraft for which second-in-com-mand privileges are requested—

(i) Operational procedures applicable

to the powerplant, equipment, and sys-tems.

(ii) Performance specifications and

limitations.

(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer-

gency operating procedures.

(iv) Flight manual. (v) Placards and markings. (2) Except as provided in paragraph

(g) of this section, performed and logged pilot time in the type of aircraft or in a flight simulator that represents the type of aircraft for which second- in-command privileges are requested, which includes—

(i) Three takeoffs and three landings

to a full stop as the sole manipulator of the flight controls;

(ii) Engine-out procedures and ma-

neuvering with an engine out while executing the duties of pilot in com-mand; and

(iii) Crew resource management

training.

quirements in paragraph (b) of this sec-tion in the calendar month before or the calendar month after the month in which compliance with this section is required, then that person is consid-ered to have accomplished the training and practice in the month it is due.

(d) A person may receive a second-in-

command pilot type rating for an air-craft after satisfactorily completing the second-in-command familiarization training requirements under paragraph (b) of this section in that type of air-craft provided the training was com-pleted within the 12 calendar months before the month of application for the SIC pilot type rating. The person must comply with the following application and pilot certification procedures:

(1) The person who provided the

book and make the required endorse-ment. The qualified management offi-cial must hold the position of Chief Pilot, Director of Training, Director of Operations, or another comparable management position within the orga-nization that provided the training and must be in a position to verify the ap-plicant’s training records and that the training was given.

(2) The trainer or qualified manage-

ment official must make an endorse-ment in the applicant’s logbook that states ‘‘[Applicant’s Name and Pilot Certificate Number] has demonstrated the skill and knowledge required for the safe operation of the [Type of Air-craft], relevant to the duties and re-sponsibilities of a second in com-mand.’’

(3) If the applicant’s flight experience

and/or training records are in an elec-tronic form, the applicant must present a paper copy of those records containing the signature of the trainer or qualified management official to a Flight Standards office or Examiner.

(4) The applicant must complete and

sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat-ing Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and present the application to a Flight Standards office or to an Examiner.

(5) The person who provided the

ground and flight training to the appli-cant must sign the ‘‘Instructor’s Rec-ommendation’’ section of the Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, FAA Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, it is permissible for a qualified man-agement official within the organiza-tion to sign the applicant’s FAA Form 8710–1.

(6) The applicant must appear in per-

son at a Flight Standards office or to an Examiner with his or her logbook/ training records and with the com-pleted and signed FAA Form 8710–1.

(7) There is no practical test required

for the issuance of the ‘‘SIC Privileges Only’’ pilot type rating.

(e) A person may receive a second-in-

command pilot type rating for the type of aircraft after satisfactorily com-pleting an approved second-in-com-mand training program, proficiency check, or competency check under sub-part K of part 91, part 125, or part 135, as appropriate, in that type of aircraft

499 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.55

provided the training was completed

within the 12 calendar months before the month of application for the SIC pilot type rating. The person must comply with the following application and pilot certification procedures:

(1) The person who provided the

training must sign the applicant’s log-book or training record after each les-son in accordance with §61.51(h)(2) of this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is permissible for a qualified management official within the organization to sign the applicant’s training records or log-book and make the required endorse-ment. The qualified management offi-cial must hold the position of Chief Pilot, Director of Training, Director of Operations, or another comparable management position within the orga-nization that provided the training and must be in a position to verify the ap-plicant’s training records and that the training was given.

(2) The trainer or qualified manage-

(3) If the applicant’s flight experience

and/or training records are in an elec-tronic form, the applicant must pro-vide a paper copy of those records con-taining the signature of the trainer or qualified management official to a Flight Standards office, an Examiner, or an Aircrew Program Designee.

(4) The applicant must complete and

sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat-ing Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and present the application to a Flight Standards office or to an Examiner or to an authorized Aircrew Program Des-ignee.

(5) The person who provided the

son at a Flight Standards office or to an Examiner or to an authorized Air-crew Program Designee with his or her logbook/training records and with the completed and signed FAA Form 8710– 1.

(7) There is no practical test required

for the issuance of the ‘‘SIC Privileges Only’’ pilot type rating.

(f) The familiarization training re-

quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec-tion do not apply to a person who is:

(1) Designated and qualified as pilot

in command under subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that specific type of aircraft;

(2) Designated as the second in com-

mand under subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that specific type of aircraft;

(3) Designated as the second in com-

mand in that specific type of aircraft for the purpose of receiving flight training required by this section, and no passengers or cargo are carried on the aircraft; or

(4) Designated as a safety pilot for

purposes required by §91.109 of this chapter.

(g) The holder of a commercial or air-

line transport pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class rating is not required to meet the require-ments of paragraph (b)(2) of this sec-tion, provided the pilot:

(1) Is conducting a ferry flight, air-

craft flight test, or evaluation flight of an aircraft’s equipment; and

(2) Is not carrying any person or

property on board the aircraft, other than necessary for conduct of the flight.

(h) For the purpose of meeting the re-

quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec-tion, a person may serve as second in command in that specific type aircraft, provided:

(1) The flight is conducted under day

VFR or day IFR; and

(2) No person or property is carried

on board the aircraft, other than nec-essary for conduct of the flight.

(i) The training under paragraphs (b)

and (d) of this section and the training, proficiency check, and competency check under paragraph (e) of this sec-tion may be accomplished in a flight simulator that is used in accordance

500 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.56

with an approved training course con-

ducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter or under subpart K of part 91, part 121 or part 135 of this chapter.

(j) When an applicant for an initial

second-in-command qualification for a particular type of aircraft receives all the training in a flight simulator, that applicant must satisfactorily complete one takeoff and one landing in an air-craft of the same type for which the qualification is sought. This require-ment does not apply to an applicant who completes a proficiency check under part 121 or competency check under subpart K, part 91, part 125, or part 135 for the particular type of air-craft.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, 2005; Amdt. 61–109, 70 FR 61890, Oct. 27, 2005; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, 2013; Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.55 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.56 Flight review.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs

(b) and (f) of this section, a flight re-view consists of a minimum of 1 hour of flight training and 1 hour of ground training. The review must include:

(1) A review of the current general

operating and flight rules of part 91 of this chapter; and

(2) A review of those maneuvers and

procedures that, at the discretion of the person giving the review, are nec-essary for the pilot to demonstrate the safe exercise of the privileges of the pilot certificate.

(b) Glider pilots may substitute a

minimum of three instructional flights in a glider, each of which includes a flight to traffic pattern altitude, in lieu of the 1 hour of flight training re-quired in paragraph (a) of this section.

(d), (e), and (g) of this section, no per-son may act as pilot in command of an aircraft unless, since the beginning of the 24th calendar month before the month in which that pilot acts as pilot

in command, that person has—

(1) Accomplished a flight review

given in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instruc-tor and

(2) A logbook endorsed from an au-

thorized instructor who gave the re-view certifying that the person has sat-isfactorily completed the review.

(d) A person who has, within the pe-

riod specified in paragraph (c) of this section, passed any of the following need not accomplish the flight review required by this section:

(1) A pilot proficiency check or prac-

tical test conducted by an examiner, an approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. Armed Force, for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege.

(2) A practical test conducted by an

examiner for one of the following:

(i) The issuance of a flight instructor

certificate,

(ii) An additional rating on a flight

instructor certificate,

(iii) To meet the recent experience

requirements for a flight instructor certificate in accordance with §61.197(b)(1); or

(iv) The reinstatement of flight in-

structor privileges in accordance with §61.199(b)(2).

(e) A person who has, within the pe-

riod specified in paragraph (c) of this section, satisfactorily accomplished one or more phases of an FAA-spon-sored pilot proficiency program need not accomplish the flight review re-quired by this section.

(f) A person who holds a flight in-

structor certificate need not accom-plish the one hour of ground training specified in paragraph (a) of this sec-tion if that person has, within the pe-riod specified in paragraph (c) of this section, met one of the following re-quirements—

(1) Satisfactorily completed the re-

cent experience requirements for a flight instructor certificate under §61.197; or

(2) Reinstated the person’s flight in-

structor privileges by satisfactorily completing an approved flight instruc-tor refresher course in accordance with §61.199(a)(1).

(g) A student pilot need not accom-

plish the flight review required by this

501 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.57

section provided the student pilot is

undergoing training for a certificate and has a current solo flight endorse-ment as required under §61.87 of this part.

(h) The requirements of this section

may be accomplished in combination with the requirements of §61.57 and other applicable recent experience re-quirements at the discretion of the au-thorized instructor conducting the flight review.

(i) A flight simulator or flight train-

ing device may be used to meet the flight review requirements of this sec-tion subject to the following condi-tions:

(1) The flight simulator or flight

training device must be used in accord-ance with an approved course con-ducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(2) Unless the flight review is under-

taken in a flight simulator that is ap-proved for landings, the applicant must

meet the takeoff and landing require-ments of §61.57(a) or §61.57(b) of this part.

(3) The flight simulator or flight

training device used must represent an aircraft or set of aircraft for which the pilot is rated.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–131, 78 FR 56828, Sept. 16, 2013; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80050, Oct. 1, 2024]

§ 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot

in command.

(a) General experience. (1) Except as

provided in paragraph (e) of this sec-tion, no person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft carrying per-sons or of an aircraft certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember unless that person has made at least three takeoffs and three landings with-in the preceding 90 days, and—

(i) The person acted as the sole ma-

nipulator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and land-

ings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required), and, if the air-craft to be flown is an airplane with a tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings must have been made to a full stop in

an airplane with a tailwheel.

(2) For the purpose of meeting the re-

quirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this

section, a person may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft under day VFR or day IFR, provided no persons or property are carried on board the air-craft, other than those necessary for the conduct of the flight.

(3) The takeoffs and landings re-

quired by paragraph (a)(1) of this sec-tion may be accomplished in a full flight simulator or flight training de-vice that is—

(i) Approved by the Administrator for

landings; and

(ii) Used in accordance with an ap-

proved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(b) Night takeoff and landing experi-

ence. (1) Except as provided in para-

graph (e) of this section, no person may act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying persons during the period be-ginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the preceding 90 days that person has made at least three takeoffs and three land-ings to a full stop during the period be-ginning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise, and—

(i) That person acted as sole manipu-

lator of the flight controls; and

(ii) The required takeoffs and land-

ings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required).

(2) The takeoffs and landings re-

quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec-tion may be accomplished in a full flight simulator that is—

(i) Approved by the Administrator for

takeoffs and landings, if the visual sys-tem is adjusted to represent the period described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and

(ii) Used in accordance with an ap-

proved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

provided in paragraph (e) of this sec-tion, a person may act as pilot in com-mand under IFR or weather conditions less than the minimums prescribed for VFR only if:

502 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.57

(1) Use of an airplane, powered-lift, hel-

icopter, or airship for maintaining instru-ment experience. Within the 6 calendar

months preceding the month of the flight, that person performed and logged at least the following tasks and iterations in an airplane, powered-lift, helicopter, or airship, as appropriate, for the instrument rating privileges to be maintained in actual weather condi-tions, or under simulated conditions using a view-limiting device that in-volves having performed the fol-lowing—

(i) Six instrument approaches. (ii) Holding procedures and tasks. (iii) Intercepting and tracking

courses through the use of navigational electronic systems.

(2) Use of a full flight simulator, flight

training device, or aviation training de-vice for maintaining instrument experi-ence. A pilot may accomplish the re-

quirements in paragraph (c)(1) of this section in a full flight simulator, flight training device, or aviation training device provided the device represents the category of aircraft for the instru-ment rating privileges to be main-tained and the pilot performs the tasks and iterations in simulated instrument

conditions. A person may complete the instrument experience in any combina-tion of an aircraft, full flight simu-lator, flight training device, or avia-tion training device.

(3) Maintaining instrument recent

experience in a glider.

(i) Within the 6 calendar months pre-

ceding the month of the flight, that person must have performed and logged at least the following instrument cur-rency tasks, iterations, and flight time, and the instrument currency must have been performed in actual weather conditions or under simulated weather conditions—

(A) One hour of instrument flight

time in a glider or in a single engine airplane using a view-limiting device while performing interception and tracking courses through the use of navigation electronic systems.

(B) Two hours of instrument flight

time in a glider or a single engine air-plane with the use of a view-limiting device while performing straight glides, turns to specific headings, steep turns, flight at various airspeeds, navi-

gation, and slow flight and stalls.

(ii) Before a pilot is allowed to carry

a passenger in a glider under IFR or in weather conditions less than the mini-mums prescribed for VFR, that pilot must—

(A) Have logged and performed 2

hours of instrument flight time in a glider within the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight.

(B) Use a view-limiting-device while

practicing performance maneuvers, performance airspeeds, navigation, slow flight, and stalls.

(d) Instrument proficiency check. (1)

Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, a person who has failed to meet the instrument experience re-quirements of paragraph (c) of this sec-tion for more than six calendar months may reestablish instrument currency only by completing an instrument pro-ficiency check. The instrument pro-ficiency check must include the areas of operation contained in the applica-ble Airman Certification Standards (in-corporated by reference, see §61.14) as listed in appendix A of this part as ap-propriate to the rating held.

(2) The instrument proficiency check

must be—

(i) In an aircraft that is appropriate

to the aircraft category;

(ii) For other than a glider, in a full

flight simulator or flight training de-vice that is representative of the air-craft category; or

(iii) For a glider, in a single-engine

airplane or a glider.

(3) The instrument proficiency check

must be given by—

(i) An examiner; (ii) A person authorized by the U.S.

Armed Forces to conduct instrument flight tests, provided the person being tested is a member of the U.S. Armed Forces;

(iii) A company check pilot who is

authorized to conduct instrument flight tests under part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter or subpart K of part 91 of this chapter, and provided that both the check pilot and the pilot being tested are employees of that operator or fractional ownership program man-ager, as applicable;

(iv) An authorized instructor; or

503 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.57

(v) A person approved by the Admin-

istrator to conduct instrument prac-tical tests.

(e) Exceptions. (1) Paragraphs (a) and

(b) of this section do not apply to a pilot in command who is employed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 125 when the pilot is engaged in a flight operation for that certificate holder if the pilot in command is in compliance with §§125.281 and 125.285 of this chap-ter.

(2) This section does not apply to a

pilot in command who is employed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 121 when the pilot is engaged in a flight operation under part 91 or 121 for that certificate holder if the pilot in com-mand complies with §§121.436 and 121.439 of this chapter.

(3) This section does not apply to a

pilot in command who is employed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under part 135 when the pilot is engaged in a flight operation under parts 91 or 135 for that certificate holder if the pilot in com-mand is in compliance with §§135.243 and 135.247 of this chapter.

(4) Paragraph (b) of this section does

not apply to a pilot in command of a turbine-powered airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, provided that pilot has complied with the requirements of paragraph (e)(4)(i) or (ii) of this sec-tion:

(i) The pilot in command must hold

at least a commercial pilot certificate with the appropriate category, class, and type rating for each airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, and:

(A) That pilot must have logged at

least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experi-ence as a pilot;

(B) In each airplane that is type cer-

tificated for more than one pilot crew-member that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative, that pilot must have accomplished and logged the day-time takeoff and landing recent flight experience of paragraph (a) of this sec-tion, as the sole manipulator of the flight controls; (C) Within the preceding 90 days prior

to the operation of that airplane that is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, the pilot must have accomplished and logged at least 15 hours of flight time in the type of air-plane that the pilot seeks to operate under this alternative; and

(D) That pilot has accomplished and

logged at least 3 takeoffs and 3 land-ings to a full stop, as the sole manipu-lator of the flight controls, in a tur-bine-powered airplane that requires more than one pilot crewmember. The pilot must have performed the takeoffs and landings during the period begin-ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise within the pre-ceding 6 months prior to the month of the flight.

(ii) The pilot in command must hold

(A) That pilot must have logged at

least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experi-ence as a pilot;

(B) In each airplane that is type cer-

(D) Within the preceding 12 months

prior to the month of the flight, the pilot must have completed a training program that is approved under part 142 of this chapter. The approved train-ing program must have required and the pilot must have performed, at least 6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop as the sole manipulator of the controls in a full flight simulator that is rep-resentative of a turbine-powered air-plane that requires more than one pilot

504 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.57

crewmember. The full flight simula-

tor’s visual system must have been ad-justed to represent the period begin-ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 hour before sunrise.

(5) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sec-

tion do not apply to a person receiving flight training from an authorized in-structor, provided:

(i) The flight training is limited to

the purpose of meeting the require-ments of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section;

(ii) Notwithstanding the provisions of

paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the person receiving flight training meets all other requirements to act as pilot in command of the aircraft; and

(iii) The authorized instructor and

the person receiving flight training are the sole occupants of the aircraft.

(6) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sec-

tion do not apply to the examiner or the applicant during a practical test required by this part.

(f) Night vision goggle operating experi-

ence. (1) A person may act as pilot in

command in a night vision goggle oper-ation with passengers on board only if, within 2 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person per-forms and logs the following tasks as the sole manipulator of the controls on a flight during a night vision goggle operation—

(i) Three takeoffs and three landings,

with each takeoff and landing includ-ing a climbout, cruise, descent, and ap-proach phase of flight (only required if the pilot wants to use night vision gog-gles during the takeoff and landing phases of the flight).

(ii) Three hovering tasks (only re-

quired if the pilot wants to use night vision goggles when operating heli-copters or powered-lifts during the hov-ering phase of flight).

(iii) Three area departure and area

arrival tasks.

(iv) Three tasks of transitioning from

aided night flight ( aided night flight

means that the pilot uses night vision goggles to maintain visual surface ref-erence) to unaided night flight ( unaided

night flight means that the pilot does

not use night vision goggles) and back to aided night flight.

(v) Three night vision goggle oper-

ations, or when operating helicopters or powered-lifts, six night vision goggle

operations.

(2) A person may act as pilot in com-

mand using night vision goggles only if, within the 4 calendar months pre-ceding the month of the flight, that person performs and logs the tasks list-ed in paragraph (f)(1)(i) through (v) of this section as the sole manipulator of the controls during a night vision gog-gle operation.

(g) Night vision goggle proficiency

check. A person must either meet the

night vision goggle experience require-ments of paragraphs (f)(1) or (f)(2) of

this section or pass a night vision gog-gle proficiency check to act as pilot in command using night vision goggles. The proficiency check must be per-formed in the category of aircraft that is appropriate to the night vision gog-gle operation for which the person is seeking the night vision goggle privi-lege or in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is represent-ative of that category of aircraft. The check must consist of the tasks listed in §61.31(k), and the check must be per-formed by:

(1) An Examiner who is qualified to

perform night vision goggle operations in that same aircraft category and class;

(2) A person who is authorized by the

U.S. Armed Forces to perform night vi-sion goggle proficiency checks, pro-vided the person being administered the check is also a member of the U.S. Armed Forces;

(3) A company check pilot who is au-

thorized to perform night vision goggle proficiency checks under parts 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter, provided that both the check pilot and the pilot being tested are employees of that op-erator;

(4) An authorized flight instructor

who is qualified to perform night vision goggle operations in that same aircraft category and class;

(5) A person who is qualified as pilot

in command for night vision goggle op-erations in accordance with paragraph (f) of this section; or

(6) A person approved by the FAA to

perform night vision goggle proficiency checks.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997]

505 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.58

EDITORIAL NOTE: For F EDERAL REGISTER ci-

tations affecting §61.57, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the Finding Aids section of the printed volume and at www.govinfo.gov.

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.57 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency

check: Operation of an aircraft that requires more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-pow-ered.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in

this section, to serve as pilot in com-mand of an aircraft that is type certifi-cated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-pow-ered, a person must—

(1) Within the preceding 12 calendar

months, complete a pilot-in-command proficiency check in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one re-quired pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered; and

(2) Within the preceding 24 calendar

months, complete a pilot-in-command proficiency check in the particular type of aircraft in which that person will serve as pilot in command, that is type certificated for more than one re-quired pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered.

(b) This section does not apply to

persons conducting operations under subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, 133, 135, or 137 of this chapter, or persons maintaining continuing qualification under an Advanced Qualification pro-gram approved under subpart Y of part 121 of this chapter.

check given in accordance with the provisions of subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter may be used to satisfy the requirements of this section.

(d) The pilot-in-command proficiency

check required by paragraph (a) of this section may be accomplished by satis-factory completion of one of the fol-lowing:

(1) A pilot-in-command proficiency

check conducted by a person author-ized by the Administrator, consisting of the areas of operation contained in the applicable Airman Certification Standards or Practical Test Standards (incorporated by reference, see §61.14);

as listed in appendix A of this part ap-propriate to the rating held, in an air-craft that is type certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet powered;

(2) The practical test required for a

type rating, in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet- powered;

(3) The initial or periodic practical

test required for the issuance of a pilot examiner or check airman designation, in an aircraft that is type certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-powered;

(4) A pilot proficiency check adminis-

tered by a U.S. Armed Force that qualifies the military pilot for pilot-in- command designation with instrument privileges, and was performed in a mili-tary aircraft that the military requires to be operated by more than one pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet-pow-ered;

(5) For a pilot authorized by the Ad-

ministrator to operate an experimental turbojet-powered aircraft that pos-sesses, by original design or through modification, more than a single seat, the required proficiency check for all of the experimental turbojet-powered aircraft for which the pilot holds an authorization may be accomplished by completing any one of the following:

(i) A single proficiency check, con-

ducted by an examiner authorized by the Administrator, in any one of the experimental turbojet-powered aircraft for which the airman holds an author-ization to operate if conducted within the prior 12 months;

(ii) A single proficiency check, con-

ducted by an examiner authorized by the Administrator, in any experi-mental turbojet-powered aircraft ( e.g.,

if a pilot acquires a new authorization to operate an additional experimental turbojet-powered aircraft, the check for that new authorization will meet the intent), if conducted within the prior 12 months;

(iii) Current qualification under an

Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) under subpart Y of part 121 of this chapter;

(iv) Any proficiency check conducted

under subpart K of part 91, part 121, or

506 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.58

part 135 of this chapter within the prior

12 months if conducted in a turbojet- powered aircraft; or

(v) Any other §61.58 proficiency

check conducted within the prior 12 months if conducted in a turbojet-pow-ered aircraft.

(e) The pilot of a multi-seat experi-

mental turbojet-powered aircraft who has not received a proficiency check within the prior 12 months in accord-ance with this section may continue to operate such aircraft in accordance with the pilot’s authorizations. How-ever, the pilot is prohibited from car-riage of any persons in any experi-mental turbojet-powered aircraft with the exception of those individuals au-thorized by the Administrator to con-duct training, conduct flight checks, or perform pilot certification functions in such aircraft, and only during flights specifically related to training, flight checks, or certification in such air-craft.

(f) This section will not apply to a

pilot authorized by the Administrator to serve as pilot in command in experi-mental turbojet-powered aircraft that possesses, by original design, a single

seat, when operating such single-seat aircraft.

(g) A check or test described in para-

graphs (d)(1) through (5) of this section may be accomplished in a flight simu-lator under part 142 of this chapter, subject to the following:

(1) Except as provided for in para-

graphs (g)(2) and (3) of this section, if an otherwise qualified and approved flight simulator used for a pilot-in- command proficiency check is not qualified and approved for a specific re-quired maneuver—

(i) The training center must anno-

tate, in the applicant’s training record, the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; and

(ii) Prior to acting as pilot in com-

mand, the pilot must demonstrate pro-ficiency in each omitted maneuver in an aircraft or flight simulator qualified and approved for each omitted maneu-ver.

(2) If the flight simulator used pursu-

ant to paragraph (g) of this section is not qualified and approved for circling approaches— (i) The applicant’s record must in-

clude the statement, ‘‘Proficiency in circling approaches not demonstrated’’; and

(ii) The applicant may not perform

circling approaches as pilot in com-mand when weather conditions are less than the basic VFR conditions de-scribed in §91.155 of this chapter, until proficiency in circling approaches has been successfully demonstrated in a flight simulator qualified and approved for circling approaches or in an aircraft to a person authorized by the Adminis-trator to conduct the check required by this section.

(3) If the flight simulator used pursu-

ant to paragraph (g) of this section is not qualified and approved for land-ings, the applicant must—

(i) Hold a type rating in the airplane

represented by the simulator; and

(ii) Have completed within the pre-

ceding 90 days at least three takeoffs and three landings (one to a full stop) as the sole manipulator of the flight controls in the type airplane for which the pilot-in-command proficiency check is sought.

(h) For the purpose of meeting the

pilot-in-command proficiency check re-quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec-tion, a person may act as pilot in com-mand of a flight under day VFR condi-tions or day IFR conditions if no per-son or property is carried, other than as necessary to demonstrate compli-ance with this part.

(i) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-com-

mand proficiency check required by this section in the calendar month be-fore or the calendar month after the month in which it is due, the pilot is considered to have taken it in the month in which it was due for the pur-pose of computing when the next pilot- in-command proficiency check is due.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 40899, July 30, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–112, 70 FR 54814, Sept. 16, 2005; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54106, Aug. 31, 2011; 76 FR 63184, Oct. 12, 2011; Docket FAA–2022– 1355, Amdt. 61–151, 87 FR 75845, Dec. 9, 2022; Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR 22517, Apr. 1, 2024]

507 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.63

§ 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or

alteration of applications, certifi-cates, logbooks, reports, or records.

(a) No person may make or cause to

be made:

(1) Any fraudulent or intentionally

false statement on any application for a certificate, rating, authorization, or duplicate thereof, issued under this part;

(2) Any fraudulent or intentionally

false entry in any logbook, record, or report that is required to be kept, made, or used to show compliance with any requirement for the issuance or ex-ercise of the privileges of any certifi-cate, rating, or authorization under this part;

(3) Any reproduction for fraudulent

purpose of any certificate, rating, or authorization, under this part; or

(4) Any alteration of any certificate,

rating, or authorization under this part.

(b) The commission of an act prohib-

ited under paragraph (a) of this section is a basis for suspending or revoking any airman certificate, rating, or au-thorization held by that person.

§ 61.60 Change of address.

The holder of a pilot, flight instruc-

tor, or ground instructor certificate who has made a change in permanent mailing address may not, after 30 days from that date, exercise the privileges of the certificate unless the holder has notified in writing the FAA, Airman Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new permanent mailing address, or if the permanent mailing address includes a post office box number, then the hold-er’s current residential address.

Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and

Pilot Authorizations

§ 61.61 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the require-

ments for the issuance of additional aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate is issued, issuance of a type rating con-currently with a pilot certificate, and the requirements for and limitations of pilot authorizations issued by the Ad-

ministrator.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 76 FR 78143, Dec. 16,

2011]

§ 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings

(other than for ratings at the air-line transport pilot certification level).

(a) General. For an additional aircraft

rating on a pilot certificate, other than for an airline transport pilot certifi-cate, a person must meet the require-ments of this section appropriate to the additional aircraft rating sought.

(b) Additional aircraft category rating.

A person who applies to add a category rating to a pilot certificate:

(1) Must complete the training and

have the applicable aeronautical expe-rience.

(2) Must have a logbook or training

record endorsement from an authorized instructor attesting that the person was found competent in the appro-priate aeronautical knowledge areas and proficient in the appropriate areas of operation.

(3) Must pass the practical test. (4) Need not take an additional

knowledge test, provided the applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered- lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow-ered parachute, or airship rating at that pilot certificate level.

person who applies for an additional class rating on a pilot certificate:

(1) Must have a logbook or training

record endorsement from an authorized instructor attesting that the person was found competent in the appro-priate aeronautical knowledge areas and proficient in the appropriate areas of operation.

(2) Must pass the practical test. (3) Need not meet the specified train-

ing time requirements prescribed by this part that apply to the pilot certifi-cate for the aircraft class rating sought; unless, the person only holds a lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class rating and is seeking an airship class rating, then that person must receive the specified training time requirements and possess the ap-propriate aeronautical experience.

(4) Need not take an additional

knowledge test, provided the applicant

508 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.63

holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-

lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow-ered parachute, or airship rating at

that pilot certificate level.

(d) Additional aircraft type rating. Ex-

cept as provided under paragraph (d)(6) of this section, a person who applies for an aircraft type rating or an aircraft type rating to be completed concur-rently with an aircraft category or class rating—

(1) Must hold or concurrently obtain

an appropriate instrument rating, ex-cept as provided in paragraph (e) of this section.

(2) Must have a logbook or training

record endorsement from an authorized instructor attesting that the person is competent in the appropriate aero-nautical knowledge areas and pro-ficient in the appropriate areas of oper-ation at the airline transport pilot cer-tification level.

(3) Must pass the practical test at the

airline transport pilot certification level.

(4) Must perform the practical test in

actual or simulated instrument condi-tions, except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section.

(5) Need not take an additional

knowledge test if the applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship rating on the pilot certificate.

(6) In the case of a pilot employee of

a part 121 or part 135 certificate holder or of a fractional ownership program manager under subpart K of part 91 of this chapter, the pilot must—

(i) Meet the appropriate require-

ments under paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(3), and (d)(4) of this section; and

(ii) Receive a flight training record

endorsement from the certificate hold-er attesting that the person completed the certificate holder’s approved ground and flight training program.

(e) Aircraft not capable of instrument

maneuvers and procedures. (1) An appli-

cant for a type rating or a type rating in addition to an aircraft category and/ or class rating who provides an aircraft that is not capable of the instrument maneuvers and procedures required on the practical test:

(i) May apply for the type rating, but

the rating will be limited to ‘‘VFR only.’’ (ii) May have the ‘‘VFR only’’ limita-

tion removed for that aircraft type after the applicant:

(A) Passes a practical test in that

type of aircraft in actual or simulated instrument conditions;

(B) Passes a practical test in that

type of aircraft on the appropriate in-strument maneuvers and procedures in §61.157; or

for that type of aircraft.

(2) When an instrument rating is

issued to a person who holds one or more type ratings, the amended pilot certificate must bear the ‘‘VFR only’’ limitation for each aircraft type rating that the person did not demonstrate in-strument competency.

(f) Multiengine airplane with a single-

pilot station. An applicant for a type

rating, at other than the ATP certifi-cation level, in a multiengine airplane with a single-pilot station must per-form the practical test in the multi- seat version of that airplane, or the practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to ob-serve the applicant during the prac-tical test and there is no multi-seat version of that multiengine airplane.

(g) Single engine airplane with a single-

pilot station. An applicant for a type

rating, at other than the ATP certifi-cation level, in a single engine airplane with a single-pilot station must per-form the practical test in the multi- seat version of that single engine air-plane, or the practical test may be per-formed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Examiner is in a position to observe the applicant dur-ing the practical test and there is no multi-seat version of that single engine airplane.

(h) Aircraft category and class rating

for the operation of aircraft with an ex-perimental certificate. A person holding

a recreational, private, or commercial pilot certificate may apply for a cat-egory and class rating limited to a spe-cific make and model of experimental aircraft, provided—

(1) The person logged 5 hours flight

time while acting as pilot in command in the same category, class, make, and model of aircraft.

509 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.64

(2) The person received a logbook en-

dorsement from an authorized instruc-tor who determined the pilot’s pro-ficiency to act as pilot in command of the same category, class, make, and model of aircraft.

(3) The flight time specified under

paragraph (h)(1) of this section was logged between September 1, 2004 and August 31, 2005.

(i) Waiver authority. An Examiner

who conducts a practical test may waive any task for which the FAA has provided waiver authority.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42552, Aug. 21,

2009, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.63 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and

flight training device.

(a) Use of a flight simulator or flight

training device. If an applicant for a cer-

tificate or rating uses a flight simu-lator or flight training device for train-ing or any portion of the practical test, the flight simulator and flight training device—

(1) Must represent the category,

class, and type (if a type rating is ap-plicable) for the rating sought; and

(2) Must be qualified and approved by

the Administrator and used in accord-ance with an approved course of train-ing under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter; or under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, provided the applicant is a pilot employee of that air carrier op-erator.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph

(f) of this section, if an airplane is not used during the practical test for a type rating for a turbojet airplane (ex-cept for preflight inspection), an appli-cant must accomplish the entire prac-tical test in a Level C or higher flight simulator and the applicant must—

(1) Hold a type rating in a turbojet

airplane of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought, and that type rating may not contain a su-pervised operating experience limita-tion;

(2) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in

two different turbojet airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the

type rating is sought;

(3) Have been appointed by the U.S.

Armed Forces as pilot in command in a

turbojet airplane of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought;

(4) Have 500 hours of flight time in

the same type of airplane for which the type rating is sought; or

(5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of

flight time, of which 500 hours were in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the type rat-ing is sought.

(f) of this section, if an airplane is not used during the practical test for a type rating for a turbo-propeller air-plane (except for preflight inspection), an applicant must accomplish the en-tire practical test in a Level C or high-er flight simulator and the applicant must—

(1) Hold a type rating in a turbo-pro-

peller airplane of the same class of air-plane for which the type rating is sought, and that type rating may not contain a supervised operating experi-ence limitation;

(2) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in

two different turbo-propeller airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the type rating is sought;

(3) Have been appointed by the U.S.

Armed Forces as pilot in command in a turbo-propeller airplane of the same class of airplane for which the type rat-ing is sought;

(4) Have 500 hours of flight time in

the same type of airplane for which the type rating is sought; or

(5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of

flight time, of which 500 hours were in turbine-powered airplanes of the same class of airplane for which the type rat-ing is sought.

(d) Except as provided in paragraph

(f) of this section, if a helicopter is not used during the practical test for a type rating in a helicopter (except for preflight inspection), an applicant must accomplish the entire practical test in a Level C or higher flight simu-lator and the applicant must meet one of the following requirements—

(1) Hold a type rating in a helicopter

and that type rating may not contain

510 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.65

the supervised operating experience

limitation;

(2) Have been appointed by the U.S.

Armed Forces as pilot in command of a helicopter;

(3) Have 500 hours of flight time in

the type of helicopter; or

(4) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in

two different types of helicopters.

(e) Except as provided in paragraph

(f) of this section, if a powered-lift is not used during the practical test for a type rating in a powered-lift (except for preflight inspection), an applicant must accomplish the entire practical test in a Level C or higher flight simu-lator and the applicant must meet one of the following requirements—

(1) Hold a type rating in a powered-

lift without a supervised operating ex-perience limitation;

(2) Have been appointed by the U.S.

Armed Forces as pilot in command of a powered-lift;

(3) Have 500 hours of flight time in

the type of powered-lift for which the rating is sought; or

(4) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in

two different types of powered-lifts.

(f) If the applicant does not meet one

of the experience requirements of para-graphs (b)(1) through (5), (c)(1) through (5), (d)(1) through (4) or (e)(1) through (4) of this section, as appropriate to the type rating sought, then—

(1) The applicant must complete the

following tasks on the practical test in an aircraft appropriate to category, class, and type for the rating sought: Preflight inspection, normal takeoff, normal instrument landing system ap-proach, missed approach, and normal landing; or

(2) The applicant’s pilot certificate

will be issued with a limitation that states: ‘‘The [name of the additional type rating] is subject to pilot in com-mand limitations,’’ and the applicant is restricted from serving as pilot in command in an aircraft of that type.

(g) The limitation described under

paragraph (f)(2) of this section may be removed from the pilot certificate if the applicant complies with the fol-lowing—

(1) Performs 25 hours of flight time in

an aircraft of the category, class, and type for which the limitation applies under the direct observation of the pilot in command who holds a cat-

egory, class, and type rating, without limitations, for the aircraft;

(2) Logs each flight and the pilot in

command who observed the flight at-tests in writing to each flight;

(3) Obtains the flight time while per-

forming the duties of pilot in com-mand; and

(4) Presents evidence of the super-

vised operating experience to any Ex-aminer or Flight Standards office to have the limitation removed.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 76 FR 78143, Dec. 16,

2011, as amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.64 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.65 Instrument rating require-

ments.

(a) General. A person who applies for

an instrument rating must:

(1) Hold at least a current private

pilot certificate, or be concurrently ap-plying for a private pilot certificate, with an airplane, helicopter, or pow-ered-lift rating appropriate to the in-strument rating sought;

(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and

understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet any of these requirements due to a medical condition, the Administrator may place such operating limitations on the applicant’s pilot certificate as are nec-essary for the safe operation of the air-craft;

(3) Receive and log ground training

from an authorized instructor or ac-complish a home-study course of train-ing on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the instrument rating sought;

(4) Receive a logbook or training

record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the required knowl-edge test;

(5) Receive and log training on the

areas of operation of paragraph (c) of this section from an authorized in-structor in an aircraft, full flight simu-lator, or flight training device that represents an airplane, helicopter, or

511 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.65

powered-lift appropriate to the instru-

ment rating sought;

(6) Receive a logbook or training

record endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the person is prepared to take the required practical test;

(7) Pass the required knowledge test

on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section; however, an applicant is not required to take an-other knowledge test when that person already holds an instrument rating; and

(8) Pass the required practical test on

the areas of operation in paragraph (c) of this section in—

(i) An airplane, helicopter, or pow-

ered-lift appropriate to the rating sought; or

(ii) A full flight simulator or a flight

training device appropriate to the rat-ing sought and for the specific maneu-ver or instrument approach procedure performed. If an approved flight train-ing device is used for the practical test, the instrument approach procedures conducted in that flight training device are limited to one precision and one nonprecision approach, provided the flight training device is approved for the procedure performed.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person

who applies for an instrument rating must have received and logged ground training from an authorized instructor or accomplished a home-study course on the following aeronautical knowl-edge areas that apply to the instru-ment rating sought:

(1) Federal Aviation Regulations of

this chapter that apply to flight oper-ations under IFR;

(2) Appropriate information that ap-

plies to flight operations under IFR in the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man-ual;’’

(3) Air traffic control system and pro-

cedures for instrument flight oper-ations;

(4) IFR navigation and approaches by

use of navigation systems;

(5) Use of IFR en route and instru-

ment approach procedure charts;

(6) Procurement and use of aviation

weather reports and forecasts and the elements of forecasting weather trends based on that information and personal observation of weather conditions; (7) Safe and efficient operation of air-

craft under instrument flight rules and conditions;

(8) Recognition of critical weather

situations and windshear avoidance;

(9) Aeronautical decision making and

judgment; and

(10) Crew resource management, in-

cluding crew communication and co-ordination.

applies for an instrument rating must receive and log training from an au-thorized instructor in an aircraft, or in a full flight simulator or flight train-ing device, in accordance with para-graph (g) of this section, that includes the following areas of operation:

(1) Preflight preparation; (2) Preflight procedures; (3) Air traffic control clearances and

procedures;

(4) Flight by reference to instru-

ments;

(5) Navigation systems; (6) Instrument approach procedures; (7) Emergency operations; and (8) Postflight procedures. (d) Aeronautical experience for the in-

strument-airplane rating. A person who

applies for an instrument-airplane rat-ing must have logged:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph

(g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- country flight time as pilot in com-mand, of which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and

(2) Forty hours of actual or simu-

lated instrument time in the areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been received from an authorized in-structor who holds an instrument-air-plane rating, and the instrument time includes:

(i) Three hours of instrument flight

training from an authorized instructor in an airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and

(ii) Instrument flight training on

cross country flight procedures, includ-ing one cross country flight in an air-plane with an authorized instructor, that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control fa-cility, and that involves—

512 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.65

(A) A flight of 250 nautical miles

along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility;

(B) An instrument approach at each

airport; and

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(e) Aeronautical experience for the in-

strument-helicopter rating. A person who

applies for an instrument-helicopter rating must have logged:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph

(g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- country flight time as pilot in com-mand, of which 10 hours must have been in a helicopter; and

(2) Forty hours of actual or simu-

lated instrument time in the areas of operation listed under paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have been with an authorized instruc-tor who holds an instrument-helicopter rating, and the instrument time in-cludes:

(i) Three hours of instrument flight

training from an authorized instructor in a helicopter that is appropriate to the instrument-helicopter rating with-in 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and

(ii) Instrument flight training on

cross country flight procedures, includ-ing one cross country flight in a heli-copter with an authorized instructor that is performed under instrument flight rules and a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control facil-ity, and involves—

(A) A flight of 100 nautical miles

along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility;

(B) An instrument approach at each

airport; and

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(f) Aeronautical experience for the in-

strument-powered-lift rating. A person

who applies for an instrument-powered- lift rating must have logged:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph

(g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- country flight time as pilot in com-mand, of which 10 hours must have been in a powered-lift; and

(2) Forty hours of actual or simu-

lated instrument time in the areas of operation listed under paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must

have been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrument-

powered-lift rating, and the instrument time includes:

(i) Three hours of instrument flight

training from an authorized instructor in a powered-lift that is appropriate to the instrument-powered-lift rating within 2 calendar months before the date of the practical test; and

(ii) Instrument flight training on

cross country flight procedures, includ-ing one cross country flight in a pow-ered-lift with an authorized instructor that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with an air traffic control fa-cility, that involves—

(A) A flight of 250 nautical miles

along airways or by directed routing from an air traffic control facility;

(B) An instrument approach at each

airport; and

proaches with the use of navigation systems.

(g) An applicant for a combined pri-

vate pilot certificate with an instru-ment rating may satisfy the cross- country flight time requirements of this section by crediting:

(1) For an instrument-airplane rating

or an instrument-powered-lift rating, up to 45 hours of cross-country flight time performing the duties of pilot in command with an authorized instruc-tor; or

(2) For an instrument-helicopter rat-

ing, up to 47 hours of cross-country flight time performing the duties of pilot in command with an authorized instructor.

(h) Use of full flight simulators or flight

training devices. If the instrument time

was provided by an authorized instruc-tor in a full flight simulator or flight training device—

(1) A maximum of 30 hours may be

performed in that full flight simulator or flight training device if the instru-ment time was completed in accord-ance with part 142 of this chapter; or

(2) A maximum of 20 hours may be

performed in that full flight simulator or flight training device if the instru-ment time was not completed in ac-cordance with part 142 of this chapter.

513 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.66

(i) Use of an aviation training device. A

maximum of 10 hours of instrument time received in a basic aviation train-ing device or a maximum of 20 hours of instrument time received in an ad-vanced aviation training device may be credited for the instrument time re-quirements of this section if—

(1) The device is approved and au-

thorized by the FAA;

(2) An authorized instructor provides

the instrument time in the device; and

(3) The FAA approved the instrument

training and instrument tasks per-formed in the device.

(j) Except as provided in paragraph

(h)(1) of this section, a person may not

credit more than 20 total hours of in-strument time in a full flight simu-lator, flight training device, aviation training device, or a combination to-wards the instrument time require-ments of this section.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 124, 74 FR 42554, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–127, 76 FR 19267, Apr. 7, 2011; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54106, Aug. 31, 2011; Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 61–136, 81 FR 21460, Apr. 12, 2016]

§ 61.66 Enhanced Flight Vision System

Pilot Requirements.

(a) Ground training. (1) Except as pro-

vided under paragraphs (f) and (h) of this section, no person may manipulate the controls of an aircraft or act as pilot in command of an aircraft during an EFVS operation conducted under §91.176(a) or (b) of this chapter, or serve as a required pilot flightcrew member during an EFVS operation conducted under §91.176(a) of this chapter, unless that person—

(i) Receives and logs ground training

under a training program approved by the Administrator; and

(ii) Obtains a logbook or training

record endorsement from an authorized training provider certifying the person satisfactorily completed the ground training appropriate to the category of aircraft for which the person is seeking the EFVS privilege.

(2) The ground training must include

the following subjects:

(i) Those portions of this chapter

that relate to EFVS flight operations and limitations, including the Airplane Flight Manual or Rotorcraft Flight

Manual limitations;

(ii) EFVS sensor imagery, required

aircraft flight information, and flight symbology;

(iii) EFVS display, controls, modes,

features, symbology, annunciations, and associated systems and compo-nents;

(iv) EFVS sensor performance, sensor

limitations, scene interpretation, vis-ual anomalies, and other visual effects;

(v) Preflight planning and oper-

ational considerations associated with using EFVS during taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing phases of flight, including the use of EFVS for instrument approaches, operating below DA/DH or MDA, executing missed approaches, landing, rollout, and balked landings;

(vi) Weather associated with low visi-

bility conditions and its effect on EFVS performance;

(vii) Normal, abnormal, emergency,

and crew coordination procedures when using EFVS; and

(viii) Interpretation of approach and

runway lighting systems and their dis-play characteristics when using an EFVS.

(b) Flight training. (1) Except as pro-

vided under paragraph (h) of this sec-tion, no person may manipulate the controls of an aircraft or act as pilot in command of an aircraft during an EFVS operation under §91.176(a) or (b) of this chapter unless that person—

(i) Receives and logs flight training

for the EFVS operation under a train-ing program approved by the Adminis-trator; and

(ii) Obtains a logbook or training

record endorsement from an authorized training provider certifying the person is proficient in the use of EFVS in the category of aircraft in which the train-ing was provided for the EFVS oper-ation to be conducted.

(2) Flight training must include the

following tasks:

(i) Preflight and inflight preparation

of EFVS equipment for EFVS oper-ations, including EFVS setup and use of display, controls, modes and associ-ated systems, and adjustments for brightness and contrast under day and night conditions;

514 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.66

(ii) Proper piloting techniques associ-

ated with using EFVS during taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, landing, and rollout, including missed ap-proaches and balked landings;

(iii) Proper piloting techniques for

the use of EFVS during instrument ap-proaches, to include operations below DA/DH or MDA as applicable to the EFVS operations to be conducted, under both day and night conditions;

(iv) Determining enhanced flight vis-

ibility;

(v) Identifying required visual ref-

erences appropriate to EFVS oper-ations;

(vi) Transitioning from EFVS sensor

imagery to natural vision acquisition of required visual references and the runway environment;

(vii) Using EFVS sensor imagery, re-

quired aircraft flight information, and flight symbology to touchdown and rollout, if the person receiving training will conduct EFVS operations under §91.176(a) of this chapter; and

(viii) Normal, abnormal, emergency,

and crew coordination procedures when using an EFVS.

person qualified to conduct an EFVS operation under §91.176(a) or (b) of this chapter who seeks to conduct an addi-tional EFVS operation for which that person has not received training must—

(1) Receive and log the ground and

flight training required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, under a training program approved by the Ad-ministrator, appropriate to the addi-tional EFVS operation to be con-ducted; and

(2) Obtain a logbook or training

record endorsement from the author-ized training provider certifying the person is proficient in the use of EFVS in the category of aircraft in which the training was provided for the EFVS op-eration to be conducted.

(d) Recent flight experience: EFVS. Ex-

cept as provided in paragraphs (f) and (h) of this section, no person may ma-nipulate the controls of an aircraft during an EFVS operation or act as pilot in command of an aircraft during an EFVS operation unless, within 6 calendar months preceding the month of the flight, that person performs and logs six instrument approaches as the

sole manipulator of the controls using an EFVS under any weather conditions in the category of aircraft for which the person seeks the EFVS privilege. The instrument approaches may be performed in day or night conditions; and

(1) One approach must terminate in a

full stop landing; and

(2) For persons authorized to exercise

the privileges of §91.176(a), the full stop landing must be conducted using the EFVS.

(e) EFVS refresher training. (1) Except

as provided in paragraph (h) of this sec-tion, a person who has failed to meet the recent flight experience require-ments of paragraph (d) of this section for more than six calendar months may reestablish EFVS currency only by sat-isfactorily completing an approved EFVS refresher course in the category of aircraft for which the person seeks the EFVS privilege. The EFVS re-fresher course must consist of the sub-jects and tasks listed in paragraphs (a)(2) and (b)(2) of this section applica-ble to the EFVS operations to be con-ducted.

(2) The EFVS refresher course must

be conducted by an authorized training provider whose instructor meets the training requirements of this section and, if conducting EFVS operations in an aircraft, the recent flight experi-ence requirements of this section.

(f) Military pilots and former military

pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. (1) The

training requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section applicable to EFVS operations conducted under §91.176(a) of this chapter do not apply to a military pilot or former military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces if that person documents satisfactory comple-tion of ground and flight training in EFVS operations to touchdown and

rollout by the U.S. Armed Forces.

(2) The training requirements in

paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section applicable to EFVS operations con-ducted under §91.176(b) of this chapter do not apply to a military pilot or former military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces if that person documents satisfactory completion of ground and flight training in EFVS operations to

515 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.66

100 feet above the touchdown zone ele-

vation by the U.S. Armed Forces.

(3) A military pilot or former mili-

tary pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces may satisfy the recent flight experi-ence requirements of paragraph (d) of this section if he or she documents sat-isfactory completion of an EFVS pro-ficiency check in the U.S. Armed Forces within 6 calendar months pre-ceding the month of the flight, the check was conducted by a person au-thorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to administer the check, and the person receiving the check was a member of the U.S. Armed Forces at the time the check was administered.

(g) Use of full flight simulators. A level

C or higher full flight simulator (FFS) equipped with an EFVS may be used to meet the flight training, recent flight experience, and refresher training re-quirements of this section. The FFS must be evaluated and qualified for EFVS operations by the Adminis-trator, and must be:

(1) Qualified and maintained in ac-

cordance with part 60 of this chapter, or a previously qualified device, as per-mitted in accordance with §60.17 of this chapter;

(2) Approved by the Administrator

for the tasks and maneuvers to be con-ducted; and

(3) Equipped with a daylight visual

display if being used to meet the flight training requirements of this section.

(h) Exceptions. (1) A person may ma-

nipulate the controls of an aircraft during an EFVS operation without meeting the requirements of this sec-tion in the following circumstances:

(i) When receiving flight training to

meet the requirements of this section under an approved training program, provided the instructor meets the re-quirements in this section to perform the EFVS operation in the category of aircraft for which the training is being conducted.

(ii) During an EFVS operation per-

formed in the course of satisfying the recent flight experience requirements of paragraph (d) of this section, pro-vided another individual is serving as pilot in command of the aircraft during the EFVS operation and that indi-vidual meets the requirements in this section to perform the EFVS operation in the category of aircraft in which the

flight is being conducted.

(iii) During an EFVS operation per-

formed in the course of completing EFVS refresher training in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, pro-vided the instructor providing the re-fresher training meets the require-ments in this section to perform the EFVS operation in the category of air-craft for which the training is being conducted.

(2) The requirements of paragraphs

(a) and (b) of this section do not apply if a person is conducting a flight or se-ries of flights in an aircraft issued an experimental airworthiness certificate under §21.191 of this chapter for the purpose of research and development or showing compliance with regulations, provided the person has knowledge of the subjects specified in paragraph (a)(2) of this section and has experience with the tasks specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section applicable to the EFVS operations to be conducted.

(3) The requirements specified in

paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section do not apply to a pilot who:

(i) Is employed by a part 119 certifi-

cate holder authorized to conduct oper-ations under part 121, 125, or 135 when the pilot is conducting an EFVS oper-ation for that certificate holder under part 91, 121, 125, or 135, as applicable, provided the pilot conducts the oper-ation in accordance with the certifi-cate holder’s operations specifications for EFVS operations;

(ii) Is employed by a person who

holds a letter of deviation authority issued under §125.3 of this chapter when the pilot is conducting an EFVS operation for that person under part 125, provided the pilot is conducting the operation in accordance with that person’s letter of authorization for EFVS operations; or

(iii) Is employed by a fractional own-

ership program manager to conduct op-erations under part 91 subpart K when the pilot is conducting an EFVS oper-ation for that program manager under part 91, provided the pilot is con-ducting the operation in accordance with the program manager’s manage-ment specifications for EFVS oper-ations.

516 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.67

(4) The requirements of paragraphs

(a) and (b) of this section do not apply if a person is conducting EFVS oper-ations under §91.176(b) of this chapter and that person documents that prior to March 13, 2018, that person satisfac-torily completed ground and flight training on EFVS operations to 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation.

[Docket FAA–2013–0485, Amdt. 61–139, 81 FR

90170, Dec. 13, 2016, as amended by Docket FAA–2013–0485, Amdt. 61–139, 81 FR 90172,

Dec. 13, 2016]

§ 61.67 Category II pilot authorization

requirements.

(a) General. A person who applies for

a Category II pilot authorization must hold:

(1) At least a private or commercial

pilot certificate with an instrument rating or an airline transport pilot cer-tificate;

(2) A type rating for the aircraft for

which the authorization is sought if that aircraft requires a type rating; and

(3) A category and class rating for

the aircraft for which the authoriza-tion is sought.

(b) Experience requirements. An appli-

cant for a Category II pilot authoriza-tion must have at least—

(1) 50 hours of night flight time as

pilot in command.

(2) 75 hours of instrument time under

actual or simulated instrument condi-tions that may include not more than—

(i) A combination of 25 hours of simu-

lated instrument flight time in a flight simulator or flight training device; or

(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument

flight time if accomplished in an ap-proved course conducted by an appro-priately rated training center certifi-cated under part 142 of this chapter.

(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight

time as pilot in command.

practical test must be passed by a per-son who applies for—

(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category

II pilot authorization; and

(ii) The addition of another type air-

craft to the applicant’s Category II pilot authorization. (2) To be eligible for the practical

test for an authorization under this section, an applicant must—

(i) Meet the requirements of para-

graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and

(ii) If the applicant has not passed a

practical test for this authorization during the 12 calendar months pre-ceding the month of the test, then that person must—

(A) Meet the requirements of

§61.57(c); and

(B) Have performed at least six ILS

approaches during the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the test, of which at least three of the ap-proaches must have been conducted without the use of an approach coupler.

(3) The approaches specified in para-

graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section—

(i) Must be conducted under actual or

simulated instrument flight condi-tions;

(ii) Must be conducted to the decision

height for the ILS approach in the type aircraft in which the practical test is to be conducted;

(iii) Need not be conducted to the de-

cision height authorized for Category II operations;

(iv) Must be conducted to the deci-

sion height authorized for Category II operations only if conducted in a flight simulator or flight training device; and

(v) Must be accomplished in an air-

craft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the practical test is to be con-ducted or in a flight simulator that—

(A) Represents an aircraft of the

same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and

(B) Is used in accordance with an ap-

proved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(4) The flight time acquired in meet-

ing the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.

(d) Practical test procedures. The prac-

tical test consists of an oral increment and a flight increment.

(1) Oral increment. In the oral incre-

ment of the practical test an applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the following:

517 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.68

(i) Required landing distance;

(ii) Recognition of the decision

height;

(iii) Missed approach procedures and

techniques using computed or fixed at-titude guidance displays;

(iv) Use and limitations of RVR; (v) Use of visual clues, their avail-

ability or limitations, and altitude at which they are normally discernible at reduced RVR readings;

(vi) Procedures and techniques re-

lated to transition from nonvisual to visual flight during a final approach under reduced RVR;

(vii) Effects of vertical and hori-

zontal windshear;

(viii) Characteristics and limitations

of the ILS and runway lighting system;

(ix) Characteristics and limitations

of the flight director system, auto ap-proach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto throttle system (if equipped), and other required Cat-egory II equipment;

(x) Assigned duties of the second in

command during Category II ap-proaches, unless the aircraft for which authorization is sought does not re-quire a second in command; and

(xi) Instrument and equipment fail-

ure warning systems.

(2) Flight increment. The following re-

quirements apply to the flight incre-ment of the practical test:

(i) The flight increment must be con-

ducted in an aircraft of the same cat-egory, class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought or in a flight simulator that—

(A) Represents an aircraft of the

same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and

(B) Is used in accordance with an ap-

proved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(ii) The flight increment must con-

sist of at least two ILS approaches to 100 feet AGL including at least one landing and one missed approach.

(iii) All approaches performed during

the flight increment must be made with the use of an approved flight con-trol guidance system, except if an ap-proved auto approach coupler is in-stalled, at least one approach must be hand flown using flight director com-

mands.

(iv) If a multiengine airplane with

the performance capability to execute a missed approach with one engine in-operative is used for the practical test, the flight increment must include the performance of one missed approach with an engine, which shall be the most critical engine, if applicable, set at idle or zero thrust before reaching the middle marker.

(v) If a multiengine flight simulator

or multiengine flight training device is used for the practical test, the appli-cant must execute a missed approach with the most critical engine, if appli-cable, failed.

(vi) For an authorization for an air-

craft that requires a type rating, the practical test must be performed in co-ordination with a second in command who holds a type rating in the aircraft in which the authorization is sought.

(vii) Oral questioning may be con-

ducted at any time during a practical test.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.68 Category III pilot authorization

requirements.

(a) General. A person who applies for

a Category III pilot authorization must hold:

(1) At least a private pilot certificate

or commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating or an airline trans-port pilot certificate;

(2) A type rating for the aircraft for

which the authorization is sought if that aircraft requires a type rating; and

(3) A category and class rating for

the aircraft for which the authoriza-tion is sought.

(b) Experience requirements. An appli-

cant for a Category III pilot authoriza-tion must have at least—

(1) 50 hours of night flight time as

pilot in command.

(2) 75 hours of instrument flight time

during actual or simulated instrument conditions that may include not more than—

(i) A combination of 25 hours of simu-

lated instrument flight time in a flight simulator or flight training device; or

518 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.68

(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument

flight time if accomplished in an ap-proved course conducted by an appro-priately rated training center certifi-cated under part 142 of this chapter.

(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight

time as pilot in command.

practical test must be passed by a per-son who applies for—

(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category

III pilot authorization; and

(ii) The addition of another type of

aircraft to the applicant’s Category III pilot authorization.

(2) To be eligible for the practical

test for an authorization under this section, an applicant must—

(i) Meet the requirements of para-

graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and

(ii) If the applicant has not passed a

practical test for this authorization during the 12 calendar months pre-ceding the month of the test, then that person must—

(A) Meet the requirements of

§61.57(c); and

(B) Have performed at least six ILS

approaches during the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the test, of which at least three of the ap-proaches must have been conducted without the use of an approach coupler.

(3) The approaches specified in para-

graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section—

(i) Must be conducted under actual or

simulated instrument flight condi-tions;

(ii) Must be conducted to the alert

height or decision height for the ILS approach in the type aircraft in which the practical test is to be conducted;

(iii) Need not be conducted to the de-

cision height authorized for Category III operations;

(iv) Must be conducted to the alert

height or decision height, as applica-ble, authorized for Category III oper-ations only if conducted in a flight simulator or flight training device; and

(v) Must be accomplished in an air-

craft of the same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the practical test is to be con-ducted or in a flight simulator that—

(A) Represents an aircraft of the

same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft for which the authorization is sought; and (B) Is used in accordance with an ap-

proved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(4) The flight time acquired in meet-

ing the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used to meet the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.

(d) Practical test procedures. The prac-

tical test consists of an oral increment and a flight increment.

(1) Oral increment. In the oral incre-

ment of the practical test an applicant must demonstrate knowledge of the following:

(i) Required landing distance; (ii) Determination and recognition of

the alert height or decision height, as applicable, including use of a radar al-timeter;

(iii) Recognition of and proper reac-

tion to significant failures encountered prior to and after reaching the alert height or decision height, as applica-ble;

(iv) Missed approach procedures and

techniques using computed or fixed at-titude guidance displays and expected height loss as they relate to manual go-around or automatic go-around, and initiation altitude, as applicable;

(v) Use and limitations of RVR, in-

cluding determination of controlling RVR and required transmissometers;

(vi) Use, availability, or limitations

of visual cues and the altitude at which they are normally discernible at re-duced RVR readings including—

(A) Unexpected deterioration of con-

ditions to less than minimum RVR during approach, flare, and rollout;

(B) Demonstration of expected visual

references with weather at minimum conditions;

cues during an approach in which visi-bility is at or above landing minima; and

(D) Procedures and techniques for

making a transition from instrument reference flight to visual flight during a final approach under reduced RVR.

(vii) Effects of vertical and hori-

zontal windshear;

(viii) Characteristics and limitations

of the ILS and runway lighting system;

519 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.69

(ix) Characteristics and limitations

of the flight director system auto ap-proach coupler (including split axis type if equipped), auto throttle system (if equipped), and other Category III equipment;

(x) Assigned duties of the second in

command during Category III oper-ations, unless the aircraft for which authorization is sought does not re-quire a second in command;

(xi) Recognition of the limits of ac-

ceptable aircraft position and flight

path tracking during approach, flare, and, if applicable, rollout; and

(xii) Recognition of, and reaction to,

airborne or ground system faults or ab-normalities, particularly after passing alert height or decision height, as ap-plicable.

(2) Flight increment. The following re-

quirements apply to the flight incre-ment of the practical test—

(i) The flight increment may be con-

ducted in an aircraft of the same cat-egory and class, and type, as applica-ble, as the aircraft for which the au-thorization is sought, or in a flight simulator that—

(A) Represents an aircraft of the

same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft in which the authorization is sought; and

(B) Is used in accordance with an ap-

proved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(ii) The flight increment must con-

sist of at least two ILS approaches to 100 feet AGL, including one landing and one missed approach initiated from a very low altitude that may result in a touchdown during the go-around ma-neuver;

(iii) All approaches performed during

the flight increment must be made with the approved automatic landing system or an equivalent landing sys-tem approved by the Administrator;

(iv) If a multiengine aircraft with the

performance capability to execute a missed approach with one engine inop-erative is used for the practical test, the flight increment must include the performance of one missed approach with the most critical engine, if appli-cable, set at idle or zero thrust before reaching the middle or outer marker; (v) If a multiengine flight simulator

or multiengine flight training device is used, a missed approach must be exe-cuted with an engine, which shall be the most critical engine, if applicable, failed;

(vi) For an authorization for an air-

craft that requires a type rating, the practical test must be performed in co-ordination with a second in command who holds a type rating in the aircraft in which the authorization is sought;

(vii) Oral questioning may be con-

ducted at any time during the practical test;

(viii) Subject to the limitations of

this paragraph, for Category IIIb oper-ations predicated on the use of a fail- passive rollout control system, at least one manual rollout using visual ref-erence or a combination of visual and instrument references must be exe-cuted. The maneuver required by this paragraph shall be initiated by a fail- passive disconnect of the rollout con-trol system—

(A) After main gear touchdown; (B) Prior to nose gear touchdown;

the most adverse lateral touchdown displacement allowing a safe landing on the runway; and

(D) In weather conditions anticipated

in Category IIIb operations.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.69 Glider and unpowered ultra-

light vehicle towing: Experience and training requirements.

(a) No person may act as pilot in

command for towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle unless that person—

(1) Holds a private, commercial or

airline transport pilot certificate with a category rating for powered aircraft;

(2) Has logged at least 100 hours of

pilot-in-command time in the aircraft category, class and type, if required, that the pilot is using to tow a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle;

(3) Has a logbook endorsement from

an authorized instructor who certifies that the person has received ground and flight training in gliders or unpowered ultralight vehicles and is proficient in—

520 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.71

(i) The techniques and procedures es-

sential to the safe towing of gliders or unpowered ultralight vehicles, includ-ing airspeed limitations;

(ii) Emergency procedures; (iii) Signals used; and (iv) Maximum angles of bank. (4) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, has logged at least three flights as the sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi-cle, or has simulated towing flight pro-cedures in an aircraft while accom-panied by a pilot who meets the re-quirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.

(5) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, has received a log-book endorsement from the pilot, de-scribed in paragraph (a)(4) of this sec-tion, certifying that the person has ac-complished at least 3 flights in an air-craft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, or while simulating towing flight procedures; and

(6) Within 24 calendar months before

the flight has—

(i) Made at least three actual or sim-

ulated tows of a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle while accompanied by a qualified pilot who meets the re-quirements of this section; or

(ii) Made at least three flights as

pilot in command of a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle towed by an aircraft.

(b) Any person who, before May 17,

1967, has made and logged 10 or more flights as pilot in command of an air-craft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle in accordance with a certificate of waiver need not comply with paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this section.

(a)(4) of this section, who endorses the logbook of a person seeking towing privileges must have—

(1) Met the requirements of this sec-

tion prior to endorsing the logbook of the person seeking towing privileges; and

(2) Logged at least 10 flights as pilot

in command of an aircraft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi-cle. (d) If the pilot described in paragraph

(a)(4) of this section holds only a pri-vate pilot certificate, then that pilot must have—

(1) Logged at least 100 hours of pilot-

in-command time in airplanes, or 200 hours of pilot-in-command time in a combination of powered and other- than-powered aircraft; and

(2) Performed and logged at least

three flights within the 12 calendar months preceding the month that pilot accompanies or endorses the logbook of a person seeking towing privileges—

(i) In an aircraft while towing a glid-

er or unpowered ultralight vehicle ac-companied by another pilot who meets the requirements of this section; or

(ii) As pilot in command of a glider

or unpowered ultralight vehicle being towed by another aircraft.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44866, July 27,

2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42555, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.71 Graduates of an approved

training program other than under this part: Special rules.

(a) A person who graduates from an

approved training program under part 141 or part 142 of this chapter is consid-ered to have met the applicable aero-nautical experience, aeronautical knowledge, and areas of operation re-quirements of this part if that person presents the graduation certificate and passes the required practical test with-in the 60-day period after the date of graduation.

(b) A person may apply for an airline

transport pilot certificate, type rating, or both under this part, and will be considered to have met the applicable requirements under §61.157, except for the airline transport pilot certification training program required by §61.156, for that certificate and rating, if that person has:

(1) Satisfactorily accomplished an

approved training curriculum and a proficiency check for that airplane type that includes all the tasks and maneuvers required by §§121.424 and 121.441 of this chapter to serve as pilot in command in operations conducted under part 121 of this chapter; and

(2) Applied for an airline transport

pilot certificate, type rating, or both within the 60-day period from the date

521 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.73

the person satisfactorily accomplished

the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) for that airplane type.

license and is applying for an equiva-lent U.S. pilot certificate on the basis of a Bilateral Aviation Safety Agree-ment and associated Implementation Procedures for Licensing may be con-sidered to have met the applicable aeronautical experience, aeronautical knowledge, and areas of operation re-quirements of this part.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 128, 76 FR 54107, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–144, 85 FR 10920, Feb. 25, 2020]

§ 61.73 Military pilots or former mili-

tary pilots: Special rules.

(a) General. Except for a person who

has been removed from flying status for lack of proficiency or because of a disciplinary action involving aircraft operations, a U.S. military pilot or former military pilot who meets the re-quirements of this section may apply, on the basis of his or her military pilot qualifications, for:

(1) A commercial pilot certificate

with the appropriate aircraft category and class rating.

(2) An instrument rating with the ap-

propriate aircraft rating.

(3) A type rating. (b) Military pilots and former military

pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. A person

who qualifies as a military pilot or former military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces may apply for a pilot certificate and ratings under paragraph (a) of this section if that person—

(1) Presents evidentiary documents

described under paragraphs (h)(1), (2), and (3) of this section that show the person’s status in the U.S. Armed Forces.

(2) Has passed the military com-

petency aeronautical knowledge test on the appropriate parts of this chapter for commercial pilot privileges and limitations, air traffic and general op-erating rules, and accident reporting rules.

(3) Presents official U.S. military

records that show compliance with one of the following requirements— (i) Before the date of the application,

passing an official U.S. military pilot and instrument proficiency check in a military aircraft of the kind of aircraft category, class, and type, if class or type of aircraft is applicable, for the ratings sought; or

(ii) Before the date of application,

logging 10 hours of pilot time as a mili-tary pilot in a U.S. military aircraft in the kind of aircraft category, class, and type, if a class rating or type rating is applicable, for the aircraft rating sought.

of a foreign contracting State to the Con-vention on International Civil Aviation. A

person who is a military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on Inter-national Civil Aviation and is assigned to pilot duties in the U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other than receiv-ing flight training, may apply for a commercial pilot certificate and rat-ings under paragraph (a) of this sec-tion, provided that person—

(1) Presents evidentiary documents

described under paragraph (h)(4) of this section that show the person is a mili-tary pilot in the Armed Forces of a for-eign contracting State to the Conven-tion on International Civil Aviation, and is assigned to pilot duties in the U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other than receiving flight training.

(2) Has passed the military com-

petency aeronautical knowledge test on the appropriate parts of this chapter

for commercial pilot privileges and limitations, air traffic and general op-erating rules, and accident reporting rules.

(3) Presents official U.S. military

records that show compliance with one of the following requirements:

(i) Before the date of the application,

passed an official U.S. military pilot and instrument proficiency check in a military aircraft of the kind of aircraft category, class, or type, if class or type of aircraft is applicable, for the rat-ings; or

(ii) Before the date of the applica-

tion, logged 10 hours of pilot time as a military pilot in a U.S. military air-craft of the kind of category, class, and type of aircraft, if a class rating or

522 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.73

type rating is applicable, for the air-

craft rating.

(d) Instrument rating. A person who is

qualified as a U.S. military pilot or

former military pilot may apply for an instrument rating to be added to a pilot certificate if that person—

(1) Has passed an instrument pro-

ficiency check in the U.S. Armed Forces in the aircraft category for the instrument rating sought; and

(2) Has an official U.S. Armed Forces

record that shows the person is instru-ment pilot qualified by the U.S. Armed Forces to conduct instrument flying on Federal airways in that aircraft cat-egory and class for the instrument rat-ing sought.

(e) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft

type rating may only be issued for a type of aircraft that has a comparable civilian type designation by the Ad-ministrator.

(f) Aircraft type rating placed on an

airline transport pilot certificate. A per-

son who is a military pilot or former military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces and requests an aircraft type rating to be placed on an existing U.S. airline transport pilot certificate may be issued the rating at the airline trans-port pilot certification level, provided that person:

(1) Holds a category and class rating

for that type of aircraft at the airline transport pilot certification level; and

(2) Has passed an official U.S. mili-

tary pilot check and instrument pro-ficiency check in that type of aircraft.

(g) Flight instructor certificate and rat-

ings. A person who can show official

U.S. military documentation of being a U.S. military instructor pilot or U.S. military pilot examiner, or a former instructor pilot or pilot examiner may apply for and be issued a flight instruc-tor certificate with the appropriate ratings if that person:

(1) Holds a commercial or airline

transport pilot certificate with the ap-propriate aircraft category and class rating, if a class rating is appropriate, for the flight instructor rating sought;

(2) Holds an instrument rating, or has

instrument privileges, on the pilot cer-tificate that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought; and

(3) Presents the following documents: (i) A knowledge test report that

shows the person passed a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed under §61.185(a) appro-priate to the flight instructor rating sought and the knowledge test was passed within the preceding 24 calendar months prior to the month of applica-tion. If the U.S. military instructor pilot or pilot examiner already holds a flight instructor certificate, holding of a flight instructor certificate suffices for the knowledge test report.

(ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record or order that shows the person is or was qualified as a U.S. Armed Forces military instructor pilot or pilot examiner for the flight instructor rating sought.

(iii) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record or order that shows the person completed a U.S. Armed Forces’ in-structor pilot or pilot examiner train-

ing course and received an aircraft rat-ing qualification as a military instruc-tor pilot or pilot examiner that is ap-propriate to the flight instructor rat-ing sought.

(iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record or order that shows the person passed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor pilot or pilot examiner proficiency check in an aircraft as a military in-structor pilot or pilot examiner that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought.

(h) Documents for qualifying for a pilot

certificate and rating. The following doc-

uments are required for a person to apply for a pilot certificate and rating:

(1) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record that shows the person is or was a military pilot.

(2) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record that shows the person graduated from a U.S. Armed Forces under-graduate pilot training school and re-ceived a rating qualification as a mili-tary pilot.

(3) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record that shows the pilot passed a pilot proficiency check and instrument proficiency check in an aircraft as a military pilot.

(4) If a person is a military pilot in

the Armed Forces from a foreign con-tracting State to the Convention on

523 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.75

International Civil Aviation and is ap-

plying for a pilot certificate and rat-ing, that person must present the fol-lowing:

(i) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record that shows the person is a mili-tary pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces;

(ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record that shows the person is as-signed as a military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces for purposes other than receiving flight training;

(iii) An official record that shows the

person graduated from a military un-dergraduate pilot training school from the Armed Forces from a foreign con-tracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation or from the U.S. Armed Forces, and received a qualification as a military pilot; and

(iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record that shows that the person passed a pilot proficiency check and in-strument proficiency check in an air-craft as a military pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42555, Aug. 21,

2009]

§ 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued

on the basis of a foreign pilot li-cense.

(a) General. A person who holds a for-

eign pilot license at the private pilot level or higher that was issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation may apply for and be issued a U.S. private pilot certificate with the appropriate ratings if the foreign pilot license meets the requirements of this section.

(b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private

pilot certificate issued under this sec-tion must specify the person’s foreign license number and country of issuance. A person who holds a foreign pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on Inter-national Civil Aviation may be issued a U.S. private pilot certificate based on the foreign pilot license without any further showing of proficiency, pro-vided the applicant:

(1) Meets the requirements of this

section;

(2) Holds a foreign pilot license, at

the private pilot license level or high-er, that does not contain a limitation stating that the applicant has not met all of the standards of ICAO for that li-

cense;

(3) Does not hold a U.S. pilot certifi-

cate other than a U.S. student pilot certificate;

(4) Holds a medical certificate issued

under part 67 of this chapter or a med-ical license issued by the country that issued the person’s foreign pilot li-cense; and

(5) Is able to read, speak, write, and

understand the English language. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical rea-sons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on that applicant’s pilot certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.

ratings listed on a person’s foreign pilot license, in addition to any issued after testing under the provisions of this part, may be placed on that per-son’s U.S. pilot certificate for private pilot privileges only.

(d) Instrument ratings issued. A person

who holds an instrument rating on the foreign pilot license issued by a con-tracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation may be issued an instrument rating on a U.S. pilot certificate provided:

(1) The person’s foreign pilot license

authorizes instrument privileges;

(2) Within 24 months preceding the

month in which the person applies for the instrument rating, the person passes the appropriate knowledge test; and

(3) The person is able to read, speak,

write, and understand the English lan-guage. If the applicant is unable to meet one of these requirements due to medical reasons, then the Adminis-trator may place such operating limi-tations on that applicant’s pilot cer-tificate as are necessary for the safe operation of the aircraft.

(e) Operating privileges and limitations.

A person who receives a U.S. private pilot certificate that has been issued under the provisions of this section:

(1) May act as pilot in command of a

civil aircraft of the United States in accordance with the pilot privileges authorized by this part and the limita-tions placed on that U.S. pilot certifi-cate;

524 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.77

(2) Is limited to the privileges placed

on the certificate by the Adminis-trator;

(3) Is subject to the limitations and

restrictions on the person’s U.S. cer-tificate and foreign pilot license when exercising the privileges of that U.S. pilot certificate in an aircraft of U.S. registry operating within or outside the United States; and

(f) Limitation on licenses used as the

basis for a U.S. certificate. A person may

use only one foreign pilot license as a basis for the issuance of a U.S. pilot certificate. The foreign pilot license and medical certification used as a basis for issuing a U.S. pilot certificate under this section must be written in English or accompanied by an English transcription that has been signed by an official or representative of the for-eign aviation authority that issued the foreign pilot license.

(g) Limitation placed on a U.S. pilot

certificate. A U.S. pilot certificate

issued under this section can only be exercised when the pilot has the for-eign pilot license, upon which the issuance of the U.S. pilot certificate was based, in the holder’s possession or readily accessible in the aircraft.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42556, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.77 Special purpose pilot author-

ization: Operation of a civil aircraft of the United States and leased by a non-U.S. citizen.

(a) General. The holder of a foreign

pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on Inter-national Civil Aviation who meets the requirements of this section may be issued a special purpose pilot author-ization by the Administrator for the purpose of performing pilot duties—

(1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry

that is leased to a person who is not a citizen of the United States, and

(2) For carrying persons or property

for compensation or hire for operations in—

(i) Scheduled international air serv-

ices in turbojet-powered airplanes of U.S. registry;

(ii) Scheduled international air serv-

ices in airplanes of U.S. registry having a configuration of more than nine pas-senger seats, excluding crewmember

seats;

(iii) Nonscheduled international air

transportation in airplanes of U.S. reg-istry having a configuration of more than 30 passenger seats, excluding crewmember seats; or

(iv) Scheduled international air serv-

ices, or nonscheduled international air transportation, in airplanes of U.S. registry having a payload capacity of more than 7,500 pounds.

(b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the

issuance or renewal of a special pur-pose pilot authorization, an applicant must present the following to a Flight Standards office:

(1) A foreign pilot license issued by

the aeronautical authority of a con-tracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation that con-tains the appropriate aircraft category, class, type rating, if appropriate, and instrument rating for the aircraft to be flown;

(2) A certification by the lessee of the

aircraft—

(i) Stating that the applicant is em-

ployed by the lessee;

(ii) Specifying the aircraft type on

which the applicant will perform pilot duties; and

(iii) Stating that the applicant has

received ground and flight instruction that qualifies the applicant to perform the duties to be assigned on the air-craft.

(3) Documentation showing when the

applicant will reach the age of 65 years (an official copy of the applicant’s birth certificate or other official docu-mentation);

(4) Documentation the applicant

meets the medical standards for the issuance of the foreign pilot license from the aeronautical authority of that contracting State to the Conven-tion on International Civil Aviation; and

(5) A statement that the applicant

does not already hold a special purpose pilot authorization; however, if the ap-plicant already holds a special purpose pilot authorization, then that special purpose pilot authorization must be surrendered to either the Flight Stand-ards office that issued it, or the Flight Standards office processing the appli-cation for the authorization, prior to

525 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.77

being issued another special purpose

pilot authorization.

cial purpose pilot authorization under this section—

(1) May exercise the privileges pre-

scribed on the special purpose pilot au-thorization; and

(2) Must comply with the limitations

specified in this section and any addi-tional limitations specified on the spe-cial purpose pilot authorization.

(d) General limitations. A special pur-

pose pilot authorization may be used only—

(1) For flights between foreign coun-

tries or for flights in foreign air com-merce within the time period allotted on the authorization.

(2) If the foreign pilot license re-

quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec-tion, the medical documentation re-quired by paragraph (b)(4) of this sec-tion, and the special purpose pilot au-thorization issued under this section are in the holder’s physical possession or immediately accessible in the air-craft.

(3) While the holder is employed by

the person to whom the aircraft de-scribed in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section is leased.

(4) While the holder is performing

pilot duties on the U.S.-registered air-craft described in the certification re-quired by paragraph (b)(2) of this sec-tion.

(5) If the holder has only one special

purpose pilot authorization as provided in paragraph (b)(5) of this section.

(e) Age limitation. No person who

holds a special purpose pilot authoriza-tion issued under this part may serve as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. registry in the following operations if the person has reached his or her 60th birthday or, in the case of operations with more than one pilot, his or her 65th birthday:

(1) Scheduled international air serv-

ices carrying passengers in turbojet- powered airplanes;

(2) Scheduled international air serv-

ices carrying passengers in airplanes having a passenger-seat configuration of more than nine passenger seats, ex-cluding each crewmember seat; (3) Nonscheduled international air

transportation for compensation or hire in airplanes having a passenger- seat configuration of more than 30 pas-senger seats, excluding each crew-member seat; or

(4) Scheduled international air serv-

ices, or nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation or hire, in airplanes having a payload ca-pacity of more than 7,500 pounds.

(f) Definitions. (1) International air

service, as used in paragraph (e) of this

section, means scheduled air service performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the service passes through the air space over the territory of more than one country.

(2) International air transportation, as

used in paragraph (e) of this section, means air transportation performed in airplanes for the public transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, in which service passes through the air space over the territory of more than one country.

(g) Expiration date. Each special pur-

pose pilot authorization issued under this section expires—

(1) 60 calendar months from the

month it was issued, unless sooner sus-pended or revoked;

(2) When the lease agreement for the

aircraft expires or the lessee termi-nates the employment of the person who holds the special purpose pilot au-thorization;

(3) Whenever the person’s foreign

pilot license has been suspended, re-voked, or is no longer valid; or

(4) When the person no longer meets

the medical standards for the issuance of the foreign pilot license.

(h) Renewal. A person exercising the

privileges of a special purpose pilot au-thorization may apply for a 60-cal-endar-month extension of that author-ization, provided the person—

(1) Continues to meet the require-

ments of this section; and

(2) Surrenders the expired special

purpose pilot authorization upon re-ceipt of the new authorization.

526 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.81

(i) Surrender. The holder of a special

purpose pilot authorization must sur-render the authorization to the Admin-istrator within 7 days after the date the authorization terminates.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–134, 80 FR 33401, June 12, 2015; Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018]

Subpart C—Student Pilots

§ 61.81 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the require-

ments for the issuance of student pilot certificates, the conditions under which those certificates are necessary,

and the general operating rules and limitations for the holders of those cer-tificates.

§ 61.83 Eligibility requirements for stu-

dent pilots.

To be eligible for a student pilot cer-

tificate, an applicant must:

(a) Be at least 16 years of age for

other than the operation of a glider or balloon.

(b) Be at least 14 years of age for the

operation of a glider or balloon.

§ 61.85 Application.

An applicant for a student pilot cer-

tificate:

(a) Must make that application in a

form acceptable to the Administrator; and

(b) Must submit the application to a

Flight Standards office, a designated pilot examiner, an airman certification representative associated with a pilot school, a flight instructor, or other person authorized by the Adminis-trator.

[Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR

1306, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018] § 61.87 Solo requirements for student

pilots.

(a) General. A student pilot may not

operate an aircraft in solo flight unless that student has met the requirements of this section. The term ‘‘solo flight’’ as used in this subpart means that flight time during which a student pilot is the sole occupant of the air-craft or that flight time during which the student performs the duties of a pilot in command of a gas balloon or an airship requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student

pilot must demonstrate satisfactory aeronautical knowledge on a knowl-edge test that meets the requirements of this paragraph:

(1) The test must address the student

pilot’s knowledge of—

(i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and

91 of this chapter;

(ii) Airspace rules and procedures for

the airport where the solo flight will be performed; and

(iii) Flight characteristics and oper-

ational limitations for the make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(2) The student’s authorized instruc-

tor must—

(i) Administer the test; and

(ii) At the conclusion of the test, re-

view all incorrect answers with the student before authorizing that stu-dent to conduct a solo flight.

conducting a solo flight, a student pilot must have:

(1) Received and logged flight train-

ing for the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are appropriate to the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and

(2) Demonstrated satisfactory pro-

ficiency and safety, as judged by an au-thorized instructor, on the maneuvers and procedures required by this section in the make and model of aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a single-engine air-plane. A student pilot who is receiving

training for a single-engine airplane rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

527 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.87

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including

normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance;

(8) Descents, with and without turns,

using high and low drag configurations;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from

cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight

attitudes and power combinations with recovery initiated at the first indica-tion of a stall, and recovery from a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers; (13) Approaches to a landing area

with simulated engine malfunctions;

(14) Slips to a landing; and (15) Go-arounds. (e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a multiengine air-plane. A student pilot who is receiving

training for a multiengine airplane rat-ing must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and proce-dures:

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including

normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance;

(8) Descents, with and without turns,

using high and low drag configurations;

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from

cruise to slow flight; (10) Stall entries from various flight

attitudes and power combinations with recovery initiated at the first indica-tion of a stall, and recovery from a full stall;

(11) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers; (13) Approaches to a landing area

with simulated engine malfunctions; and

(14) Go-arounds. (f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a helicopter. A stu-

dent pilot who is receiving training for a helicopter rating must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including

normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance;

(8) Descents with and without turns; (9) Flight at various airspeeds; (10) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers; (12) Approaches to the landing area; (13) Hovering and hovering turns;

(14) Go-arounds; (15) Simulated emergency proce-

dures, including autorotational de-scents with a power recovery and power recovery to a hover;

(16) Rapid decelerations; and (17) Simulated one-engine-inoper-

ative approaches and landings for mul-tiengine helicopters.

(g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a gyroplane. A stu-

dent pilot who is receiving training for a gyroplane rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and

528 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.87

preparation, powerplant operation, and

aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including

normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance;

(8) Descents with and without turns; (9) Flight at various airspeeds; (10) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers; (12) Approaches to the landing area; (13) High rates of descent with power

on and with simulated power off, and recovery from those flight configura-tions;

(14) Go-arounds; and (15) Simulated emergency proce-

dures, including simulated power-off landings and simulated power failure during departures.

(h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a powered-lift. A

student pilot who is receiving training for a powered-lift rating must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including

normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance;

(8) Descents with and without turns; (9) Flight at various airspeeds from

cruise to slow flight;

(10) Stall entries from various flight

attitudes and power combinations with recovery initiated at the first indica-tion of a stall, and recovery from a full stall; (11) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions;

(12) Ground reference maneuvers; (13) Approaches to a landing with

simulated engine malfunctions;

(14) Go-arounds; (15) Approaches to the landing area; (16) Hovering and hovering turns; and (17) For multiengine powered-lifts,

simulated one-engine-inoperative ap-proaches and landings.

(i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a glider. A student

pilot who is receiving training for a glider rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning, preparation, aircraft systems, and, if appropriate, powerplant operations;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding runups, if applicable;

(3) Launches, including normal and

crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions, if applicable;

(5) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry procedures;

(6) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance;

(7) Descents with and without turns

using high and low drag configurations;

(8) Flight at various airspeeds; (9) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions;

(10) Ground reference maneuvers, if

applicable;

(11) Inspection of towline rigging and

review of signals and release proce-dures, if applicable;

(12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self-

launch procedures;

(13) Procedures for disassembly and

assembly of the glider;

(14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov-

ery;

(15) Straight glides, turns, and spi-

rals;

(16) Landings, including normal and

crosswind;

(17) Slips to a landing;

(18) Procedures and techniques for

thermalling; and

(19) Emergency operations, including

towline break procedures.

529 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.87

(j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in an airship. A stu-

dent pilot who is receiving training for an airship rating or privileges must re-ceive and log flight training for the fol-lowing maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and preparation, powerplant operation, and aircraft systems;

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding runups;

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including

normal and crosswind;

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions;

(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry and departure procedures;

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance;

(8) Descents with and without turns; (9) Flight at various airspeeds from

cruise to slow flight;

(10) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions;

(11) Ground reference maneuvers; (12) Rigging, ballasting, and control-

ling pressure in the ballonets, and superheating; and

(13) Landings with positive and with

negative static trim.

(k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a balloon. A stu-

dent pilot who is receiving training in a balloon must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Layout and assembly procedures; (2) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and preparation, and aircraft systems;

(3) Ascents and descents; (4) Landing and recovery procedures; (5) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions;

(6) Operation of hot air or gas source,

ballast, valves, vents, and rip panels, as appropriate;

(7) Use of deflation valves or rip pan-

els for simulating an emergency;

(8) The effects of wind on climb and

approach angles; and

(9) Obstruction detection and avoid-

ance techniques.

(l) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a powered para-chute. A student pilot who is receiving training for a powered parachute rat-

ing or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following ma-neuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and preparation, preflight assembly and rigging, aircraft systems, and power-plant operations.

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding run-ups.

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including

normal and crosswind.

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions.

(5) Climbs, and climbing turns in

both directions.

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry and departure procedures.

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance.

(8) Descents, and descending turns in

both directions.

(9) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions.

(10) Ground reference maneuvers. (11) Straight glides, and gliding turns

in both directions.

(12) Go-arounds. (13) Approaches to landing areas with

a simulated engine malfunction.

(14) Procedures for canopy packing

and aircraft disassembly.

(m) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-

solo flight training in a weight-shift-con-trol aircraft. A student pilot who is re-

ceiving training for a weight-shift-con-trol aircraft rating or privileges must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Proper flight preparation proce-

dures, including preflight planning and preparation, preflight assembly and rigging, aircraft systems, and power-plant operations.

(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-

cluding run-ups.

(3) Takeoffs and landings, including

normal and crosswind.

(4) Straight and level flight, and

turns in both directions.

(5) Climbs, and climbing turns in

both directions.

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including

entry and departure procedures.

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear

avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-ance.

530 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.89

(8) Descents, and descending turns in

both directions.

(9) Flight at various airspeeds from

maximum cruise to slow flight.

(10) Emergency procedures and equip-

ment malfunctions.

(11) Ground reference maneuvers. (12) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov-

ery.

(13) Straight glides, and gliding turns

in both directions.

(14) Go-arounds. (15) Approaches to landing areas with

a simulated engine malfunction.

(16) Procedures for disassembly. (n) Limitations on student pilots oper-

ating an aircraft in solo flight. A student

pilot may not operate an aircraft in solo flight unless that student pilot has received an endorsement in the stu-dent’s logbook for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown by an authorized instructor who gave the training within the 90 days preceding the date of the flight.

(o) Limitations on student pilots oper-

ating an aircraft in solo flight at night. A

student pilot may not operate an air-craft in solo flight at night unless that student pilot has received:

(1) Flight training at night on night

flying procedures that includes take-offs, approaches, landings, and go- arounds at night at the airport where the solo flight will be conducted;

(2) Navigation training at night in

the vicinity of the airport where the solo flight will be conducted; and

(3) An endorsement in the student’s

logbook for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown for night solo flight by an authorized instructor who gave the training within the 90- day period preceding the date of the flight.

(p) Limitations on flight instructors au-

thorizing solo flight. No instructor may

authorize a student pilot to perform a solo flight unless that instructor has—

(1) Given that student pilot training

in the make and model of aircraft or a similar make and model of aircraft in which the solo flight is to be flown;

(2) Determined the student pilot is

proficient in the maneuvers and proce-dures prescribed in this section;

(3) Determined the student pilot is

proficient in the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and (4) Endorsed the student pilot’s log-

book for the specific make and model aircraft to be flown, and that endorse-ment remains current for solo flight privileges, provided an authorized in-structor updates the student’s logbook every 90 days thereafter.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016]

§ 61.89 General limitations.

(a) A student pilot may not act as

pilot in command of an aircraft:

(1) That is carrying a passenger; (2) That is carrying property for com-

pensation or hire;

(3) For compensation or hire; (4) In furtherance of a business; (5) On an international flight, except

that a student pilot may make solo training flights from Haines, Gustavus, or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse, Yukon, Canada, and return over the province of British Columbia;

(6) With a flight or surface visibility

of less than 3 statute miles during day-light hours or 5 statute miles at night;

(7) When the flight cannot be made

with visual reference to the surface; or

(8) In a manner contrary to any limi-

tations placed in the pilot’s logbook by an authorized instructor.

(b) A student pilot may not act as a

required pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when receiving flight training from an authorized instructor on board an air-ship, and no person other than a re-quired flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.

pilot certificate must comply with the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section and may not act as pilot in command—

(1) Of an aircraft other than a light-

sport aircraft;

(2) At night; (3) At an altitude of more than 10,000

feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher;

531 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.93

(4) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at

an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or on an airport having an operational con-trol tower without having received the ground and flight training specified in §61.94 and an endorsement from an au-thorized instructor;

(5) Of a light-sport aircraft without

having received the applicable ground training, flight training, and instructor endorsements specified in §61.327 (a) and (b).

(d) The holder of a student pilot cer-

tificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft without holding a med-ical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the student pilot holds a valid U.S. driver’s license, meets the requirements of §61.23(c)(3), and the operation is conducted con-sistent with the requirements of para-graphs (a) and (b) of this section and the conditions of §61.113(i). Where the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section conflict with §61.113(i), a student pilot must comply with para-graphs (a) and (b) of this section.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3165, Jan. 11, 2017]

§ 61.91 [Reserved]

§ 61.93 Solo cross-country flight re-

quirements.

(a) General. (1) Except as provided in

paragraph (b) of this section, a student pilot must meet the requirements of this section before—

(i) Conducting a solo cross-country

flight, or any flight greater than 25 nautical miles from the airport from where the flight originated.

(ii) Making a solo flight and landing

at any location other than the airport of origination.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, a student pilot who seeks solo cross-country flight privi-leges must:

(i) Have received flight training from

an instructor authorized to provide flight training on the maneuvers and procedures of this section that are ap-propriate to the make and model of air-craft for which solo cross-country

privileges are sought;

(ii) Have demonstrated cross-country

proficiency on the appropriate maneu-

vers and procedures of this section to an authorized instructor;

(iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished

the pre-solo flight maneuvers and pro-cedures required by §61.87 of this part in the make and model of aircraft or similar make and model of aircraft for which solo cross-country privileges are sought; and

(iv) Comply with any limitations in-

cluded in the authorized instructor’s endorsement that are required by para-graph (c) of this section.

(3) A student pilot who seeks solo

cross-country flight privileges must have received ground and flight train-ing from an authorized instructor on the cross-country maneuvers and pro-cedures listed in this section that are appropriate to the aircraft to be flown.

(b) Authorization to perform certain

solo flights and cross-country flights. A

student pilot must obtain an endorse-ment from an authorized instructor to make solo flights from the airport where the student pilot normally re-ceives training to another location. A student pilot who receives this en-dorsement must comply with the re-quirements of this paragraph.

(1) Solo flights may be made to an-

other airport that is within 25 nautical miles from the airport where the stu-dent pilot normally receives training, provided—

(i) An authorized instructor has

given the student pilot flight training at the other airport, and that training includes flight in both directions over the route, entering and exiting the traffic pattern, and takeoffs and land-ings at the other airport;

(ii) The authorized instructor who

gave the training endorses the student pilot’s logbook authorizing the flight;

(iii) The student pilot has a solo

flight endorsement in accordance with §61.87 of this part;

(iv) The authorized instructor has de-

termined that the student pilot is pro-ficient to make the flight; and

(v) The purpose of the flight is to

practice takeoffs and landings at that other airport.

532 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.93

(2) Repeated specific solo cross-coun-

try flights may be made to another air-port that is within 50 nautical miles of the airport from which the flight origi-nated, provided—

(i) The authorized instructor has

given the student flight training in both directions over the route, includ-ing entering and exiting the traffic pat-terns, takeoffs, and landings at the air-ports to be used;

(ii) The authorized instructor who

gave the training has endorsed the stu-

dent’s logbook certifying that the stu-dent is proficient to make such flights;

(iii) The student has a solo flight en-

dorsement in accordance with §61.87 of this part; and

(iv) The student has a solo cross

country flight endorsement in accord-ance with paragraph (c) of this section; however, for repeated solo cross coun-try flights to another airport within 50 nautical miles from which the flight originated, separate endorsements are not required to be made for each flight.

flights. Except as specified in paragraph

(b)(2) of this section, a student pilot must have the endorsements prescribed in this paragraph for each cross-coun-try flight:

(1) A student pilot must have a solo

cross-country endorsement from the authorized instructor who conducted the training that is placed in that per-son’s logbook for the specific category of aircraft to be flown.

(2) A student pilot must have a solo

cross-country endorsement from an au-thorized instructor that is placed in that person’s logbook for the specific make and model of aircraft to be flown.

(3) For each cross-country flight, the

authorized instructor who reviews the cross-country planning must make an endorsement in the person’s logbook after reviewing that person’s cross- country planning, as specified in para-graph (d) of this section. The endorse-ment must—

(i) Specify the make and model of

aircraft to be flown;

(ii) State that the student’s preflight

planning and preparation is correct and that the student is prepared to make the flight safely under the known con-ditions; and (iii) State that any limitations re-

quired by the student’s authorized in-structor are met.

(d) Limitations on authorized instruc-

tors to permit solo cross-country flights. An authorized instructor may not per-mit a student pilot to conduct a solo cross-country flight unless that in-structor has:

(1) Determined that the student’s

cross-country planning is correct for the flight;

(2) Reviewed the current and forecast

weather conditions and has determined that the flight can be completed under VFR;

(3) Determined that the student is

proficient to conduct the flight safely;

(4) Determined that the student has

the appropriate solo cross-country en-dorsement for the make and model of aircraft to be flown; and

(5) Determined that the student’s

solo flight endorsement is current for the make and model aircraft to be flown.

(e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-

country flight training in a single-engine airplane. A student pilot who is receiv-

ing training for cross-country flight in a single-engine airplane must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weath-er situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach;

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

533 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.93

(8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation

and two-way communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing

procedures, including short-field, soft- field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap-proaches, and landings;

(11) Climbs at best angle and best

rate; and

(12) Control and maneuvering solely

by reference to flight instruments, in-cluding straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives. For student pilots seeking a sport pilot certificate, the provisions of this paragraph only apply when receiving training for cross-coun-try flight in an airplane that has a V

greater than 87 knots CAS.

(f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-

country flight training in a multiengine airplane. A student pilot who is receiv-

ing training for cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weath-er situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach;

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown; (8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation

and two-way communications;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing

procedures, including short-field, soft- field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap-proaches, and landings;

(11) Climbs at best angle and best

rate; and

(12) Control and maneuvering solely

by reference to flight instruments, in-cluding straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.

(g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-

country flight training in a helicopter. A

student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a helicopter must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and proce-dures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weath-er situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach;

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation

and two-way communications; and

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing

procedures.

534 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.93

(h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-

country flight training in a gyroplane. A

student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a gyroplane must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and proce-dures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weath-er situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach;

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation

and two-way communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown; and

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing

procedures, including short-field and soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and landings.

(i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-

country flight training in a powered-lift. A student pilot who is receiving train-ing for cross-country flight training in a powered-lift must receive and log flight training in the following maneu-vers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass; (2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weath-er situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach;

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications;

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation

and two-way communications;

(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing

procedures that include high-altitude, steep, and shallow takeoffs, ap-proaches, and landings; and

(11) Control and maneuvering solely

by reference to flight instruments, in-cluding straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives.

(j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-

country flight training in a glider. A stu-

dent pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in a glider must receive and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weath-er situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach;

535 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.93

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications;

(9) Landings accomplished without

the use of the altimeter from at least 2,000 feet above the surface; and

(10) Recognition of weather and upper

air conditions favorable for cross-coun-try soaring, ascending and descending flight, and altitude control.

(k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-

country flight training in an airship. A

student pilot who is receiving training for cross-country flight in an airship must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and proce-dures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass;

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight;

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognition of critical weath-er situations and estimating visibility while in flight;

(4) Emergency procedures; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach;

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance;

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown;

(8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation

and two-way communication, except that a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use of radios installed in the aircraft to be flown;

(10) Control of air pressure with re-

gard to ascending and descending flight and altitude control;

(11) Control of the airship solely by

reference to flight instruments, except for a student pilot seeking a sport pilot certificate; and

(12) Recognition of weather and upper

air conditions conducive for the direc-tion of cross-country flight.

(l) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-

country flight training in a powered para-chute. A student pilot who is receiving

training for cross-country flight in a powered parachute must receive and log flight training in the following ma-neuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass, as appropriate.

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight.

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognizing critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight.

(4) Emergency procedures. (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach.

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance.

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown.

(8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications.

(9) If equipped for flight with naviga-

tion radios, the use of radios for VFR navigation.

(10) Recognition of weather and upper

air conditions favorable for the cross- country flight.

536 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.94

(11) Takeoff, approach and landing

procedures.

(m) Maneuvers and procedures for

cross-country flight training in a weight- shift-control aircraft. A student pilot

who is receiving training for cross- country flight in a weight-shift-control aircraft must receive and log flight training for the following maneuvers and procedures:

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-netic compass, as appropriate.

(2) Use of aircraft performance charts

pertaining to cross-country flight.

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-

nautical weather reports and forecasts, including recognizing critical weather situations and estimating visibility while in flight.

(4) Emergency procedures. (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-

clude area departure, area arrival, entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-proach.

(6) Procedures and operating prac-

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-bulence precautions, and windshear avoidance.

(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-

ational restrictions of hazardous ter-rain features in the geographical area where the cross-country flight will be flown.

(8) Procedures for operating the in-

struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec-ognition and use of the proper oper-ational procedures and indications.

(9) If equipped for flight using navi-

gation radios, the use of radios for VFR navigation.

(10) Recognition of weather and upper

air conditions favorable for the cross- country flight.

(11) Takeoff, approach and landing

procedures, including crosswind ap-proaches and landings.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 110, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016] § 61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport

pilot certificate or a recreational pilot certificate: Operations at air-ports within, and in airspace lo-cated within, Class B, C, and D air-space, or at airports with an oper-ational control tower in other air-space.

(a) A student pilot seeking a sport

pilot certificate or a recreational pilot certificate who wants to obtain privi-leges to operate in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, must re-

ceive and log ground and flight train-ing from an authorized instructor in the following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation:

(1) The use of radios, communica-

tions, navigation systems and facili-ties, and radar services.

(2) Operations at airports with an op-

erating control tower, to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern, at an airport with an operating control tower.

(3) Applicable flight rules of part 91

of this chapter for operations in Class B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con-trol clearances.

(4) Ground and flight training for the

specific Class B, C, or D airspace for which the solo flight is authorized, if applicable, within the 90-day period preceding the date of the flight in that airspace. The flight training must be received in the specific airspace area for which solo flight is authorized.

(5) Ground and flight training for the

specific airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace for which the solo flight is authorized, if applicable, within the 90- day period preceding the date of the flight at that airport. The flight and ground training must be received at the specific airport for which solo flight is authorized.

(b) The authorized instructor who

provides the training specified in para-graph (a) of this section must provide a logbook endorsement that certifies the student has received that training and is proficient to conduct solo flight in that specific airspace or at that spe-cific airport and in those aeronautical

537 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.96

knowledge areas and areas of operation

specified in this section.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44867, July 27,

2004]

§ 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace

and at airports located within Class B airspace.

(a) A student pilot may not operate

an aircraft on a solo flight in Class B airspace unless:

(1) The student pilot has received

both ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on that Class B airspace area, and the flight training was received in the specific Class B air-space area for which solo flight is au-thorized;

(2) The logbook of that student pilot

has been endorsed by the authorized in-structor who gave the student pilot flight training, and the endorsement is dated within the 90-day period pre-ceding the date of the flight in that Class B airspace area; and

(3) The logbook endorsement speci-

fies that the student pilot has received the required ground and flight train-ing, and has been found proficient to conduct solo flight in that specific Class B airspace area.

(b) A student pilot may not operate

an aircraft on a solo flight to, from, or at an airport located within Class B airspace pursuant to §91.131(b) of this chapter unless:

(1) The student pilot has received

both ground and flight training from an instructor authorized to provide training to operate at that airport, and the flight and ground training has been received at the specific airport for which the solo flight is authorized;

(2) The logbook of that student pilot

has been endorsed by an authorized in-structor who gave the student pilot flight training, and the endorsement is dated within the 90-day period pre-ceding the date of the flight at that airport; and

(3) The logbook endorsement speci-

fies that the student pilot has received the required ground and flight train-ing, and has been found proficient to conduct solo flight operations at that specific airport.

student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer-tificate or a recreational pilot certifi-

cate.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004]

Subpart D—Recreational Pilots

§ 61.96 Applicability and eligibility re-

quirements: General.

(a) This subpart prescribes the re-

quirement for the issuance of rec-reational pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those cer-tificates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.

(b) To be eligible for a recreational

pilot certificate, a person who applies for that certificate must:

(1) Be at least 17 years of age; (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and

(3) Receive a logbook endorsement

from an authorized instructor who—

(i) Conducted the training or re-

viewed the applicant’s home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas list-ed in §61.97(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and

(ii) Certified that the applicant is

prepared for the required knowledge test.

(4) Pass the required knowledge test

on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in §61.97(b) of this part;

(5) Receive flight training and a log-

book endorsement from an authorized instructor who—

(i) Conducted the training on the

areas of operation listed in §61.98(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft cat-egory and class rating sought; and

(ii) Certified that the applicant is

prepared for the required practical test.

(6) Meet the aeronautical experience

requirements of §61.99 of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought before applying for the practical test;

538 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.97

(7) Pass the practical test on the

areas of operation listed in §61.98(b) that apply to the aircraft category and class rating;

(8) Comply with the sections of this

part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating; and

(9) Hold either a student pilot certifi-

cate or sport pilot certificate.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. A person who applies for

a recreational pilot certificate must re-ceive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1)

Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-tions of this chapter that relate to rec-reational pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements

of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Use of the applicable portions of

the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man-ual’’ and FAA advisory circulars;

(4) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass;

(5) Recognition of critical weather

situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports and forecasts;

(6) Safe and efficient operation of air-

craft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(7) Effects of density altitude on

takeoff and climb performance;

(8) Weight and balance computations; (9) Principles of aerodynamics, pow-

erplants, and aircraft systems;

(10) Stall awareness, spin entry,

spins, and spin recovery techniques, if applying for an airplane single-engine rating;

(11) Aeronautical decision making

and judgment; and

(12) Preflight action that includes— (i) How to obtain information on run-

way lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing dis-

tances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and

(ii) How to plan for alternatives if

the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.98 Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who applies for

a recreational pilot certificate must re-ceive and log ground and flight train-ing from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For a single-

engine airplane rating: (i) Preflight

preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (2) For a helicopter rating: (i) Preflight

preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; (viii) Navigation; (ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (3) For a gyroplane rating: (i) Preflight

preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Postflight procedures.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]

539 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.101

§ 61.99 Aeronautical experience.

(a) A person who applies for a rec-

reational pilot certificate must receive and log at least 30 hours of flight time that includes at least—

(1) 15 hours of flight training from an

authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in §61.98 that consists of at least:

(i) Except as provided in §61.100, 2

hours of flight training en route to an airport that is located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally trains, which includes at least three takeoffs and three landings at the airport located more than 25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally trains; and

(ii) Three hours of flight training

with an authorized instructor in the aircraft for the rating sought in prepa-ration for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(2) Three hours of solo flying in the

aircraft for the rating sought, on the areas of operation listed in §61.98 that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) The holder of a sport pilot certifi-

cate may credit flight training re-ceived from a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating toward the aero-nautical experience requirements of this section if the following conditions are met:

(1) The flight training was accom-

plished in the same category and class of aircraft for which the rating is sought;

(2) The flight instructor with a sport

pilot rating was authorized to provide the flight training; and

(3) The flight training included train-

ing on areas of operation that are re-quired for both a sport pilot certificate and a recreational pilot certificate.

[Docket FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR

30277, June 27, 2018

§ 61.100 Pilots based on small islands.

(a) An applicant located on an island

from which the flight training required in §61.99(a)(1) of this part cannot be ac-complished without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with the requirements of that section.

However, if other airports that permit civil operations are available to which a flight may be made without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the applicant must show completion of a dual flight between two airports, which must include three landings at the other airport.

(b) An applicant who complies with

paragraph (a) of this section and meets all requirements for the issuance of a recreational pilot certificate, except the requirements of §61.99(a)(1) of this part, will be issued a pilot certificate with an endorsement containing the following limitation, ‘‘Passenger car-rying prohibited on flights more than 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate island).’’ The limitation may be subse-quently amended to include another is-land if the applicant complies with the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section for another island.

§61.99(a)(1) of this part, the applicant may have the limitation(s) in para-graph (b) of this section removed.

§ 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges

and limitations.

(a) A person who holds a recreational

pilot certificate may:

(1) Carry no more than one pas-

senger; and

(2) Not pay less than the pro rata

share of the operating expenses of a flight with a passenger, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental fees.

(b) A person who holds a recreational

pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight within 50 nautical miles from the de-parture airport, provided that person has—

(1) Received ground and flight train-

ing for takeoff, departure, arrival, and landing procedures at the departure airport;

(2) Received ground and flight train-

ing for the area, terrain, and aids to navigation that are in the vicinity of the departure airport;

(3) Been found proficient to operate

the aircraft at the departure airport and the area within 50 nautical miles from that airport; and

540 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.101

(4) Received from an authorized in-

structor a logbook endorsement, which is carried in the person’s possession in the aircraft, that permits flight within 50 nautical miles from the departure airport.

pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft on a flight that exceeds 50 nautical miles from the de-parture airport, provided that person has—

(1) Received ground and flight train-

ing from an authorized instructor on the cross-country training require-ments of subpart E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held;

(2) Been found proficient in cross-

country flying; and

(3) Received from an authorized in-

structor a logbook endorsement, which is carried on the person’s possession in the aircraft, that certifies the person has received and been found proficient in the cross-country training require-ments of subpart E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held.

(d) A person who holds a recreational

pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft in Class B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, provided that person has—

(1) Received and logged ground and

flight training from an authorized in-structor on the following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of oper-ation, as appropriate to the aircraft rating held:

(i) The use of radios, communica-

tions, navigation system and facilities, and radar services.

(ii) Operations at airports with an op-

erating control tower to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern at an airport with an operating control tower.

(iii) Applicable flight rules of part 91

of this chapter for operations in Class B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con-trol clearances;

(2) Been found proficient in those

aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of operation specified in para-graph (d)(1) of this section; and (3) Received from an authorized in-

structor a logbook endorsement, which is carried on the person’s possession or readily accessible in the aircraft, that certifies the person has received and been found proficient in those aero-nautical knowledge areas and areas of operation specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.

(e) Except as provided in paragraphs

(d) and (i) of this section, a rec-reational pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft—

(1) That is certificated— (i) For more than four occupants; (ii) With more than one powerplant; (iii) With a powerplant of more than

180 horsepower, except aircraft certifi-cated in the rotorcraft category; or

(iv) With retractable landing gear; (2) That is classified as a multiengine

airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, balloon, powered parachute, or weight- shift-control aircraft;

(3) That is carrying a passenger or

property for compensation or hire;

(4) For compensation or hire; (5) In furtherance of a business;

(6) Between sunset and sunrise; (7) In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at

an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower;

(8) At an altitude of more than 10,000

feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever is higher;

(9) When the flight or surface visi-

bility is less than 3 statute miles;

(10) Without visual reference to the

surface;

(11) On a flight outside the United

States, unless authorized by the coun-try in which the flight is conducted;

(12) To demonstrate that aircraft in

flight as an aircraft salesperson to a prospective buyer;

(13) That is used in a passenger-car-

rying airlift and sponsored by a chari-table organization; and

(14) That is towing any object. (f) A recreational pilot may not act

as a pilot flight crewmember on any aircraft for which more than one pilot is required by the type certificate of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is conducted, except when:

541 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.103

(1) Receiving flight training from a

person authorized to provide flight training on board an airship; and

(2) No person other than a required

flight crewmember is carried on the aircraft.

(g) A person who holds a recreational

pilot certificate, has logged fewer than 400 flight hours, and has not logged pilot-in-command time in an aircraft within the 180 days preceding the flight shall not act as pilot in command of an aircraft until the pilot receives flight

training and a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor, and the instructor certifies that the person is proficient to act as pilot in command of the aircraft. This requirement can be met in combination with the re-quirements of §§61.56 and 61.57 of this part, at the discretion of the author-ized instructor.

(h) A recreational pilot certificate

issued under this subpart carries the notation, ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO requirements.’’

(i) For the purpose of obtaining addi-

tional certificates or ratings while under the supervision of an authorized instructor, a recreational pilot may fly as the sole occupant of an aircraft:

(1) For which the pilot does not hold

an appropriate category or class rat-ing;

(2) Within airspace that requires

communication with air traffic con-trol; or

(3) Between sunset and sunrise, pro-

vided the flight or surface visibility is at least 5 statute miles.

(j) In order to fly solo as provided in

paragraph (i) of this section, the rec-reational pilot must meet the appro-priate aeronautical knowledge and flight training requirements of §61.87 for that aircraft. When operating an aircraft under the conditions specified in paragraph (i) of this section, the rec-reational pilot shall carry the logbook that has been endorsed for each flight by an authorized instructor who:

(1) Has given the recreational pilot

training in the make and model of air-craft in which the solo flight is to be made;

(2) Has found that the recreational

pilot has met the applicable require-ments of §61.87; and (3) Has found that the recreational

pilot is competent to make solo flights in accordance with the logbook en-dorsement.

(k) A recreational pilot may act as

pilot in command of an aircraft with-out holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver’s li-cense, meets the requirements of §61.23(c)(3), and the operation is con-ducted consistent with this section and the conditions of §61.113(i). Where the requirements of this section conflict with §61.113(i), a recreational pilot must comply with this section.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3165, Jan. 11, 2017]

Subpart E—Private Pilots

§ 61.102 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the require-

ments for the issuance of private pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certificates and rat-ings are necessary, and the general op-erating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.103 Eligibility requirements: Gen-

eral.

To be eligible for a private pilot cer-

tificate, a person must:

(a) Be at least 17 years of age for a

rating in other than a glider or bal-loon.

(b) Be at least 16 years of age for a

rating in a glider or balloon.

(d) Receive a logbook endorsement

from an authorized instructor who:

(1) Conducted the training or re-

viewed the person’s home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in §61.105(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought; and

542 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.105

(2) Certified that the person is pre-

pared for the required knowledge test.

(e) Pass the required knowledge test

on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in §61.105(b) of this part.

(f) Receive flight training and a log-

book endorsement from an authorized instructor who:

(1) Conducted the training in the

areas of operation listed in §61.107(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rat-ing sought; and

(2) Certified that the person is pre-

pared for the required practical test.

(g) Meet the aeronautical experience

requirements of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought before apply-ing for the practical test.

(h) Pass a practical test on the areas

of operation listed in §61.107(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft rating sought.

(i) Comply with the appropriate sec-

tions of this part that apply to the air-craft category and class rating sought.

(j) Hold a U.S. student pilot certifi-

cate, sport pilot certificate, or rec-reational pilot certificate.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. A person who is applying

for a private pilot certificate must re-ceive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1)

Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-tions of this chapter that relate to pri-vate pilot privileges, limitations, and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements

of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Use of the applicable portions of

the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man-ual’’ and FAA advisory circulars;

(4) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems;

(5) Radio communication procedures; (6) Recognition of critical weather

situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and use of aeronautical

weather reports and forecasts;

(7) Safe and efficient operation of air-

craft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence;

(8) Effects of density altitude on

takeoff and climb performance;

(9) Weight and balance computations; (10) Principles of aerodynamics, pow-

erplants, and aircraft systems;

(11) Stall awareness, spin entry,

spins, and spin recovery techniques for the airplane and glider category rat-ings;

(12) Aeronautical decision making

and judgment; and

(13) Preflight action that includes— (i) How to obtain information on run-

way lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing dis-tances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and

(ii) How to plan for alternatives if

the planned flight cannot be completed or delays are encountered.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.107 Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who applies for

a private pilot certificate must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rat-ing sought.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air-

plane category rating with a single-en-gine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; (x) Emergency operations; (xi) Night operations, except as pro-

vided in §61.110 of this part; and

(xii) Postflight procedures. (2) For an airplane category rating

with a multiengine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures;

543 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.107

(iii) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

vided in §61.110 of this part; and

(xiii) Postflight procedures. (3) For a rotorcraft category rating

with a helicopter class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; (ix) Night operations, except as pro-

vided in §61.110 of this part; and

(x) Postflight procedures. (4) For a rotorcraft category rating

with a gyroplane class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (ix) Emergency operations; (x) Night operations, except as pro-

vided in §61.110 of this part; and

(xi) Postflight procedures. (5) For a powered-lift category rat-

ing:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; (viii) Navigation; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (x) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xi) Emergency operations; (xii) Night operations, except as pro-

vided in §61.110 of this part; and (xiii) Postflight procedures.

(6) For a glider category rating: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and gliderport oper-

ations;

(iv) Launches and landings; (v) Performance speeds; (vi) Soaring techniques; (vii) Performance maneuvers; (viii) Navigation; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (7) For a lighter-than-air category

rating with an airship class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (8) For a lighter-than-air category

rating with a balloon class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Launches and landings; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Navigation; (vii) Emergency operations; and (viii) Postflight procedures. (9) For a powered parachute category

rating—

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations, as applicable;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Night operations, except as pro-

vided in §61.110;

(ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Post-flight procedures. (10) For a weight-shift-control air-

craft category rating—

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations, as applicable;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

544 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.109

(v) Performance maneuvers;

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Night operations, except as pro-

vided in §61.110;

(x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Post-flight procedures.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004]

§ 61.109 Aeronautical experience.

(a) For an airplane single-engine rat-

ing. Except as provided in paragraph

(k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an au-thorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(1) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight

training in a single-engine airplane;

(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of

this part, 3 hours of night flight train-ing in a single-engine airplane that in-cludes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over

100 nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air-port.

(3) 3 hours of flight training in a sin-

gle-engine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant air-speed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to in-strument flight;

(4) 3 hours of flight training with an

authorized instructor in a single-en-gine airplane in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 cal-endar months from the month of the test; and

(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a

single-engine airplane, consisting of at least—

(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time; (ii) One solo cross country flight of

150 nautical miles total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three land-

ings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pat-tern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(b) For an airplane multiengine rating.

Except as provided in paragraph (k) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an air-plane category and multiengine class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an au-thorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(2) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight

training in a multiengine airplane;

(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of

this part, 3 hours of night flight train-ing in a multiengine airplane that in-cludes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over

100 nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air-port.

(3) 3 hours of flight training in a mul-

tiengine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant air-speed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to in-strument flight;

(4) 3 hours of flight training with an

authorized instructor in a multiengine airplane in preparation for the prac-tical test, which must have been per-formed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an

airplane consisting of at least—

(i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time; (ii) One solo cross country flight of

150 nautical miles total distance, with

545 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.109

full-stop landings at three points, and

one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three land-

ings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pat-tern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

provided in paragraph (k) of this sec-tion, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with rotorcraft cat-egory and helicopter class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(3) of this part, and the train-ing must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight

training in a helicopter;

(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of

this part, 3 hours of night flight train-ing in a helicopter that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 50

nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air-port.

(3) 3 hours of flight training with an

authorized instructor in a helicopter in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed with-in the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a

helicopter, consisting of at least—

(i) 3 hours cross-country time; (ii) One solo cross country flight of

100 nautical miles total distance, with landings at three points, and one seg-ment of the flight being a straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing loca-tions; and

(iii) Three takeoffs and three land-

ings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pat-tern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(d) For a gyroplane rating. Except as

provided in paragraph (k) of this sec-tion, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with rotorcraft cat-egory and gyroplane class rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that

includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(4) of this part, and the train-ing must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight

training in a gyroplane;

(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of

this part, 3 hours of night flight train-ing in a gyroplane that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 50

nautical miles total distance; and

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air-port.

(3) 3 hours of flight training with an

authorized instructor in a gyroplane in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed with-in the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a

gyroplane, consisting of at least—

(i) 3 hours of cross-country time; (ii) One solo cross country flight of

(iii) Three takeoffs and three land-

ings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pat-tern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as

provided in paragraph (k) of this sec-tion, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of op-eration listed in §61.107(b)(5) of this part, and the training must include at least—

(1) 3 hours of cross-country flight

training in a powered-lift;

(2) Except as provided in §61.110 of

this part, 3 hours of night flight train-ing in a powered-lift that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over

100 nautical miles total distance; and

546 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.109

(ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a

full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air-port.

(3) 3 hours of flight training in a pow-

ered-lift on the control and maneu-vering of a powered-lift solely by ref-erence to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant air-speed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to in-strument flight;

(4) 3 hours of flight training with an

authorized instructor in a powered-lift in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed with-in the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an

airplane or powered-lift consisting of at least—

(i) 5 hours cross-country time; (ii) One solo cross country flight of

(iii) Three takeoffs and three land-

ings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pat-tern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(f) For a glider category rating. (1) If

the applicant for a private pilot certifi-cate with a glider category rating has not logged at least 40 hours of flight time as a pilot in a heavier-than-air aircraft, the applicant must log at least 10 hours of flight time in a glider in the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight time must include at least—

(i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of

operations listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training flights with an authorized instructor in a glider in preparation for the practical test that must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a

glider in the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not less than 10 launches and landings

being performed.

(2) If the applicant has logged at

least 40 hours of flight time in a heav-ier-than-air aircraft, the applicant must log at least 3 hours of flight time in a glider in the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight time must include at least—

(i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the

areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(6) of this part; and

(ii) 3 training flights with an author-

ized instructor in a glider in prepara-tion for the practical test that must have been performed within the pre-ceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(g) For an airship rating. A person who

applies for a private pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class rating must log at least:

(1) 25 hours of flight training in air-

ships on the areas of operation listed in §61.107(b)(7) of this part, which consists of at least:

(i) 3 hours of cross-country flight

training in an airship;

(ii) Except as provided in §61.110 of

this part, 3 hours of night flight train-ing in an airship that includes:

(A) A cross-country flight of over 25

nautical miles total distance; and

(B) Five takeoffs and five landings to

a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport.

(2) 3 hours of flight training in an air-

ship on the control and maneuvering of an airship solely by reference to instru-ments, including straight and level flight, constant airspeed climbs and de-scents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navi-gation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to instrument flight;

(3) Three hours of flight training

with an authorized instructor in an air-ship in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(4) 5 hours performing the duties of

pilot in command in an airship with an authorized instructor.

(h) For a balloon rating. A person who

applies for a private pilot certificate

547 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.109

with a lighter-than-air category and

balloon class rating must log at least 10 hours of flight training that includes at least six training flights with an au-thorized instructor in the areas of op-eration listed in §61.107(b)(8) of this part, that includes—

(1) Gas balloon. If the training is

being performed in a gas balloon, at least two flights of 2 hours each that consists of—

(i) At least one training flight with

an authorized instructor in a gas bal-loon in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(ii) At least one flight performing the

duties of pilot in command in a gas bal-loon with an authorized instructor; and

(iii) At least one flight involving a

controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch site.

(2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If

the training is being performed in a balloon with an airborne heater, at least—

(i) At least two training flights of 1

hour each with an authorized instruc-tor in a balloon with an airborne heat-er in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(ii) One solo flight in a balloon with

an airborne heater; and

(iii) At least one flight involving a

controlled ascent to 2,000 feet above the launch site.

(i) For a powered parachute rating. A

person who applies for a private pilot certificate with a powered parachute category rating must log at least 25 hours of flight time in a powered para-chute that includes at least 10 hours of flight training with an authorized in-structor, including 30 takeoffs and landings, and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in §61.107 (b)(9) and the training must include at least—

(1) One hour of cross-country flight

training in a powered parachute that includes a 1-hour cross-country flight with a landing at an airport at least 25 nautical miles from the airport of de-parture;

(2) Except as provided in §61.110, 3

hours of night flight training in a pow-ered parachute that includes 10 take-offs and landings (with each landing in-volving a flight in the traffic pattern)

at an airport;

(3) Three hours of flight training

with an authorized instructor in a pow-

ered parachute in preparation for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 cal-endar months from the month of the test;

(4) Three hours of solo flight time in

a powered parachute, consisting of at least—

(i) One solo cross-country flight with

a landing at an airport at least 25 nau-tical miles from the departure airport; and

(ii) Twenty solo takeoffs and land-

ings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in a traffic pattern) at an airport; and

(5) Three takeoffs and landings (with

each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air-port with an operating control tower.

(j) For a weight-shift-control aircraft

rating. A person who applies for a pri-

vate pilot certificate with a weight- shift-control rating must log at least 40 hours of flight time that includes at least 20 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of op-eration listed in §61.107(b)(10) and the training must include at least—

(1) Three hours of cross-country

flight training in a weight-shift-con-trol aircraft;

(2) Except as provided in §61.110, 3

hours of night flight training in a weight-shift-control aircraft that in-cludes—

(i) One cross-country flight of over 75

nautical miles total distance that in-cludes a point of landing that is a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(ii) Ten takeoffs and landings (with

each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport;

(3) Three hours of flight training

with an authorized instructor in a weight-shift-control aircraft in prepa-ration for the practical test, which must have been performed within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

548 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.110

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a

weight-shift-control aircraft, con-sisting of at least—

(i) Five hours of solo cross-country

time; and

(ii) One solo cross-country flight over

100 nautical miles total distance, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight being a straight line distance of at least 50 nautical miles between takeoff and landing locations; and

(5) Three takeoffs and landings (with

each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air-port with an operating control tower.

(k) Permitted credit for use of a full

flight simulator or flight training device. (1) Except as provided in paragraphs (k)(2) of this section, a maximum of 2.5 hours of training in a full flight simu-lator or flight training device rep-resenting the category, class, and type, if applicable, of aircraft appropriate to the rating sought, may be credited to-ward the flight training time required by this section, if received from an au-thorized instructor.

(2) A maximum of 5 hours of training

in a flight simulator or flight training device representing the category, class, and type, if applicable, of aircraft ap-propriate to the rating sought, may be credited toward the flight training time required by this section if the training is accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certifi-cated under part 142 of this chapter.

(3) Except when fewer hours are ap-

proved by the Administrator, an appli-cant for a private pilot certificate with

an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating, who has satisfactorily com-pleted an approved private pilot course conducted by a training center certifi-cated under part 142 of this chapter, need only have a total of 35 hours of aeronautical experience to meet the re-quirements of this section.

(l) Permitted credit for flight training

received from a flight instructor with a sport pilot rating. The holder of a sport

pilot certificate may credit flight training received from a flight instruc-tor with a sport pilot rating toward the aeronautical experience requirements of this section if the following condi-tions are met: (1) The flight training was accom-

plished in the same category and class of aircraft for which the rating is sought;

(2) The flight instructor with a sport

pilot rating was authorized to provide the flight training; and

(3) The flight training included ei-

ther—

(i) Training on areas of operation

that are required for both a sport pilot certificate and a private pilot certifi-cate; or

(ii) For airplanes with a V

Hgreater

than 87 knots CAS, training on the con-trol and maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to the flight instru-ments, including straight and level flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ATC directives, pro-vided the training was received from a flight instructor with a sport pilot rat-ing who holds an endorsement required by §61.412(c).

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30278, June 27, 2018]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.109 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.110 Night flying exceptions.

(a) Subject to the limitations of

paragraph (b) of this section, a person is not required to comply with the night flight training requirements of this subpart if the person receives flight training in and resides in the State of Alaska.

(b) A person who receives flight

training in and resides in the State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training requirements of this section:

(1) May be issued a pilot certificate

with a limitation ‘‘Night flying prohib-ited’’; and

(2) Must comply with the appropriate

night flight training requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar- month period after the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that pe-riod, the certificate will become in-valid for use until the person complies

549 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.113

with the appropriate night training re-

quirements of this subpart. The person may have the ‘‘Night flying prohib-ited’’ limitation removed if the per-son—

(i) Accomplishes the appropriate

night flight training requirements of this subpart; and

(ii) Presents to an examiner a log-

book or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies accomplishment of the appro-priate night flight training require-ments of this subpart.

night flying requirements in §61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2) may be issued a private pilot certificate with the limitation ‘‘Night flying prohib-ited.’’ This limitation may be removed by an examiner if the holder complies with the requirements of §61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2), as appropriate.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004]

§ 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots

based on small islands.

(a) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, an applicant located on an island from which the cross- country flight training required in §61.109 of this part cannot be accom-plished without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline need not comply with the requirements of that section.

(b) If other airports that permit civil

operations are available to which a flight may be made without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline, the appli-cant must show completion of two round-trip solo flights between those two airports that are farthest apart, in-cluding a landing at each airport on both flights.

paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this section, and meets all requirements for the issuance of a private pilot certifi-cate, except the cross-country training requirements of §61.109 of this part, will be issued a pilot certificate with an endorsement containing the fol-lowing limitation, ‘‘Passenger carrying prohibited on flights more than 10 nau-tical miles from (the appropriate is-land).’’ The limitation may be subse-

quently amended to include another is-land if the applicant complies with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section for another island.

(d) Upon meeting the cross-country

training requirements of §61.109 of this part, the applicant may have the limi-tation in paragraph (c) of this section removed.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.113 Private pilot privileges and

limitations: Pilot in command.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs

(b) through (h) of this section, no per-son who holds a private pilot certifi-cate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an air-craft.

(b) A private pilot may, for com-

pensation or hire, act as pilot in com-mand of an aircraft in connection with any business or employment if:

(1) The flight is only incidental to

that business or employment; and

(2) The aircraft does not carry pas-

sengers or property for compensation or hire.

than the pro rata share of the oper-ating expenses of a flight with pas-sengers, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees.

(d) A private pilot may act as pilot in

command of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight described in §91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply with the requirements of §91.146.

(e) A private pilot may be reimbursed

for aircraft operating expenses that are directly related to search and location operations, provided the expenses in-volve only fuel, oil, airport expendi-tures, or rental fees, and the operation is sanctioned and under the direction and control of:

(1) A local, State, or Federal agency;

(2) An organization that conducts

search and location operations.

(f) A private pilot who is an aircraft

salesman and who has at least 200

550 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.115

hours of logged flight time may dem-

onstrate an aircraft in flight to a pro-spective buyer.

(g) A private pilot who meets the re-

quirements of §61.69 may act as a pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle.

(h) A private pilot may act as pilot in

command for the purpose of conducting a production flight test in a light-sport aircraft intended for certification in the light-sport category under §21.190 of this chapter, provided that—

(1) The aircraft is a powered para-

chute or a weight-shift-control air-craft;

(2) The person has at least 100 hours

of pilot-in-command time in the cat-egory and class of aircraft flown; and

(3) The person is familiar with the

processes and procedures applicable to the conduct of production flight test-ing, to include operations conducted under a special flight permit and any associated operating limitations.

(i) A private pilot may act as pilot in

command or serve as a required flightcrew member of an aircraft with-out holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver’s li-cense, meets the requirements of §61.23(c)(3), and complies with this sec-tion and all of the following conditions and limitations:

(1) The aircraft is authorized to carry

not more than 7 occupants, has a max-imum takeoff weight of not more than 12,500 pounds, is operated with no more than 6 passengers on board, and is not a transport category rotorcraft cer-

tified to airworthiness standards under part 29 of this chapter; and

(2) The flight, including each portion

of the flight, is not carried out—

(i) At an altitude that is more than

18,000 feet above mean sea level;

(ii) Outside the United States unless

authorized by the country in which the flight is conducted; or

(iii) At an indicated airspeed exceed-

ing 250 knots; and

(3) The pilot has available in his or

her logbook—

(i) The completed medical examina-

tion checklist required under §68.7 of this chapter; and (ii) The certificate of course comple-

tion required under §61.23(c)(3).

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–115, 72 FR 6910, Feb. 13, 2007; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3165, Jan. 11, 2017; Docket FAA–2021–1040, Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71237, Nov. 22, 2022; Dock-et FAA–2024–2580, Amdt. 61–158, 89 FR 90577, Nov. 18, 2024]

§ 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations.

(a) If a person who applies for a pri-

vate pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a bal-loon with an airborne heater:

(1) The pilot certificate will contain

a limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an airborne heater; and

(2) The limitation may be removed

when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a gas bal-loon and receives a logbook endorse-ment from an authorized instructor who attests to the person’s accomplish-ment of the required aeronautical ex-perience and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.

(b) If a person who applies for a pri-

vate pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon:

(1) The pilot certificate will contain

a limitation restricting the exercise of the privilege of that certificate to a gas balloon; and

(2) The limitation may be removed

when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a balloon with an airborne heater and receives a logbook endorsement from an author-ized instructor who attests to the per-son’s accomplishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a balloon with an airborne heater.

§ 61.117 Private pilot privileges and

limitations: Second in command of aircraft requiring more than one pilot.

Except as provided in §61.113 of this

part, no private pilot may, for com-pensation or hire, act as second in com-mand of an aircraft that is type certifi-cated for more than one pilot, nor may that pilot act as second in command of

551 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.125

such an aircraft that is carrying pas-

sengers or property for compensation or hire.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997]

§§ 61.118–61.120 [Reserved]

Subpart F—Commercial Pilots

§ 61.121 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the require-

ments for the issuance of commercial pilot certificates and ratings, the con-ditions under which those certificates

and ratings are necessary, and the gen-eral operating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.123 Eligibility requirements: Gen-

eral.

To be eligible for a commercial pilot

certificate, a person must:

(a) Be at least 18 years of age; (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and

from an authorized instructor who:

(1) Conducted the required ground

training or reviewed the person’s home study on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in §61.125 of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and

(2) Certified that the person is pre-

pared for the required knowledge test that applies to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(d) Pass the required knowledge test

on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in §61.125 of this part;

(e) Receive the required training and

a logbook endorsement from an author-ized instructor who:

(1) Conducted the training on the

areas of operation listed in §61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft cat-egory and class rating sought; and

(2) Certified that the person is pre-

pared for the required practical test.

(f) Meet the aeronautical experience

requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rat-

ing sought before applying for the prac-tical test;

(g) Pass the required practical test

on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;

(h) Hold at least a private pilot cer-

tificate issued under this part or meet the requirements of §61.73; and

(i) Comply with the sections of this

part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

§ 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. A person who applies for

a commercial pilot certificate must re-ceive and log ground training from an authorized instructor, or complete a home-study course, on the aeronautical knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1)

Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-tions of this chapter that relate to commercial pilot privileges, limita-tions, and flight operations;

(2) Accident reporting requirements

of the National Transportation Safety Board;

(3) Basic aerodynamics and the prin-

ciples of flight;

(4) Meteorology to include recogni-

tion of critical weather situations, windshear recognition and avoidance, and the use of aeronautical weather re-ports and forecasts;

(5) Safe and efficient operation of air-

craft;

(6) Weight and balance computations; (7) Use of performance charts; (8) Significance and effects of exceed-

ing aircraft performance limitations;

(9) Use of aeronautical charts and a

magnetic compass for pilotage and dead reckoning;

(10) Use of air navigation facilities; (11) Aeronautical decision making

and judgment;

(12) Principles and functions of air-

craft systems;

(13) Maneuvers, procedures, and

emergency operations appropriate to the aircraft;

(14) Night and high-altitude oper-

ations;

552 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.127

(15) Procedures for operating within

the National Airspace System; and

(16) Procedures for flight and ground

training for lighter-than-air ratings.

§ 61.127 Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who applies for

a commercial pilot certificate must re-ceive and log ground and flight train-ing from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation of this section that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air-

plane category rating with a single-en-gine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;

(vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Emergency operations; (x) High-altitude operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (2) For an airplane category rating

with a multiengine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations;

(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Navigation; (vii) Slow flight and stalls; (viii) Emergency operations; (ix) Multiengine operations; (x) High-altitude operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (3) For a rotorcraft category rating

with a helicopter class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; (ix) Special operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (4) For a rotorcraft category rating

with a gyroplane class rating: (i) Preflight preparation;

(ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (5) For a powered-lift category rat-

ing:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (ix) Emergency operations; (x) High-altitude operations; (xi) Special operations; and (xii) Postflight procedures. (6) For a glider category rating: (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and gliderport oper-

ations;

rating with an airship class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subjects; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(viii) Performance maneuvers; (ix) Navigation; (x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. (8) For a lighter-than-air category

rating with a balloon class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subjects; (iii) Preflight preparation;

553 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.129

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport operations; (vii) Launches and landings; (viii) Performance maneuvers; (ix) Navigation; (x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.129 Aeronautical experience.

(a) For an airplane single-engine rat-

ing. Except as provided in paragraph (i)

of this section, a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of

which 50 hours must be in airplanes.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command

flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 50 hours in airplanes; and (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of

which at least 10 hours must be in air-planes.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas

of operation listed in §61.127(b)(1) of this part that includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training

using a view-limiting device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems. Five hours of the 10 hours required on in-strument training must be in a single engine airplane;

(ii) 10 hours of training in a complex

airplane, a turbine-powered airplane, or a technically advanced airplane (TAA) that meets the requirements of paragraph (j) of this section, or any combination thereof. The airplane must be appropriate to land or sea for the rating sought;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight

in a single engine airplane in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight

in a single engine airplane in night-time conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100

nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(v) Three hours in a single-engine air-

plane with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test with-in the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a

single engine airplane or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a single engine airplane with an authorized instructor on board (either of which may be cred-ited towards the flight time require-ment under paragraph (a)(2) of this sec-tion), on the areas of operation listed under §61.127(b)(1) that include—

(i) One cross-country flight of not

less than 300 nautical miles total dis-tance, with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which is a straight- line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in Hawaii, the longest seg-ment need only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions

with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(b) For an airplane multiengine rating.

Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class rating must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of

which 50 hours must be in airplanes.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command

flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 50 hours in airplanes; and (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of

which at least 10 hours must be in air-planes.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas

of operation listed in §61.127(b)(2) of this part that includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training

using a view-limiting device including attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems. Five

554 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.129

hours of the 10 hours required on in-

strument training must be in a multi-engine airplane;

(ii) 10 hours of training in a multien-

gine complex or turbine-powered air-plane; or for an applicant seeking a multiengine seaplane rating, 10 hours of training in a multiengine seaplane that has flaps and a controllable pitch propeller, including seaplanes equipped with an engine control system con-sisting of a digital computer and asso-ciated accessories for controlling the engine and propeller, such as a full au-thority digital engine control;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight

in a multiengine airplane in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight

in a multiengine airplane in nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(v) Three hours in a multiengine air-

plane with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test with-in the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a

multiengine airplane or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in command in a multiengine air-plane with an authorized instructor (ei-ther of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement in para-graph (b)(2) of this section), on the

areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(2) of this part that includes at least—

(i) One cross-country flight of not

less than 300 nautical miles total dis-tance with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which is a straight- line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in Hawaii, the longest seg-ment need only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions

with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower. (c) For a helicopter rating. Except as

provided in paragraph (i) of this sec-tion, a person who applies for a com-

mercial pilot certificate with a rotor-craft category and helicopter class rat-ing must log at least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of

which 50 hours must be in helicopters.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command

flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 35 hours in helicopters; and (ii) 10 hours in cross-country flight in

helicopters.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas

of operation listed in §61.127(b)(3) of this part that includes at least—

(i) Five hours on the control and ma-

neuvering of a helicopter solely by ref-erence to instruments using a view- limiting device including attitude in-strument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking naviga-tional systems. This aeronautical expe-rience may be performed in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training de-vice, or an aviation training device;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in

a helicopter in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line dis-tance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight

in a helicopter in nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(iv) Three hours in a helicopter with

an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the pre-ceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a

helicopter or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in com-mand in a helicopter with an author-ized instructor on board (either of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under para-graph (c)(2) of this section), on the areas of operation listed under §61.127(b)(3) that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight with

landings at a minimum of three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50

555 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.129

nautical miles from the original point

of departure; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions

with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).

(d) For a gyroplane rating. A person

who applies for a commercial pilot cer-tificate with a rotorcraft category and gyroplane class rating must log at least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot (of which 5 hours may have been ac-complished in a full flight simulator or flight training device that is represent-ative of a gyroplane) that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of

which 25 hours must be in gyroplanes.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command

flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 10 hours in gyroplanes; and (ii) 3 hours in cross-country flight in

gyroplanes.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas

of operation listed in §61.127(b)(4) of this part that includes at least—

(i) 2.5 hours on the control and ma-

neuvering of a gyroplane solely by ref-erence to instruments using a view- limiting device including attitude in-strument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking naviga-tional systems. This aeronautical expe-rience may be performed in an aircraft, full flight simulator, flight training de-vice, or an aviation training device;

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in

a gyroplane in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line dis-tance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure;

(iii) Two hours of flight training dur-

ing nighttime conditions in a gyro-plane at an airport, that includes 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern); and

(iv) Three hours in a gyroplane with

an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the pre-ceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a

gyroplane or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in com-mand in a gyroplane with an author-ized instructor on board (either of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under para-

graph (d)(2) of this section), on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(4) that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight with

landings at a minimum of three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions

with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).

(e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as

provided in paragraph (i) of this sec-tion, a person who applies for a com-mercial pilot certificate with a pow-ered-lift category rating must log at least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot that consists of at least:

(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of

which 50 hours must be in a powered- lift.

(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command

flight time, which includes at least—

(i) 50 hours in a powered-lift; and (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of

which 10 hours must be in a powered- lift.

(3) 20 hours of training on the areas

of operation listed in §61.127(b)(5) of this part that includes at least—

(i) Ten hours of instrument training

(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in

a powered-lift in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of depar-ture;

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight

in a powered-lift in nighttime condi-tions that consists of a total straight- line distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the original point of depar-ture; and

(iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift with an

authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the pre-ceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

556 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.129

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a

powered-lift or 10 hours of flight time performing the duties of pilot in com-mand in a powered-lift with an author-ized instructor on board (either of which may be credited towards the flight time requirement under para-graph (e)(2) of this section, on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(5) that includes—

(i) One cross-country flight of not

less than 300 nautical miles total dis-tance with landings at a minimum of three points, one of which is a straight- line distance of at least 250 nautical miles from the original departure point. However, if this requirement is being met in Hawaii the longest seg-ment need only have a straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions

with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport with an operating control tower.

(f) For a glider rating. A person who

applies for a commercial pilot certifi-cate with a glider category rating must log at least—

(1) 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in

a glider and that flight time must in-clude at least 100 flights in a glider as pilot in command, including at least—

(i) Three hours of flight training in a

glider with an authorized instructor or 10 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(6) of this part, including at least 3 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor in preparation for the prac-tical test within the preceding 2 cal-endar months from the month of the test; and

(ii) 2 hours of solo flight that include

not less than 10 solo flights in a glider on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(6) of this part; or

(2) 200 hours of flight time as a pilot

in heavier-than-air aircraft and at least 20 flights in a glider as pilot in command, including at least—

(i) Three hours of flight training in a

glider or 10 training flights in a glider with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(6) of this part including at least 3 train-ing flights in a glider with an author-ized instructor in preparation for the

practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test; and

(ii) 5 solo flights in a glider on the

areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(6) of this part.

(g) For an airship rating. A person who

applies for a commercial pilot certifi-cate with a lighter-than-air category and airship class rating must log at least 200 hours of flight time as a pilot, which includes at least the following hours:

(1) 50 hours in airships. (2) Thirty hours of pilot in command

flight time in airships or performing the duties of pilot in command in an airship with an authorized instructor aboard, which consists of—

(i) 10 hours of cross-country flight

time in airships; and

(ii) 10 hours of night flight time in

airships.

(3) Forty hours of instrument time to

include—

(i) Instrument training using a view-

limiting device for attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting and tracking navigational systems; and

(ii) Twenty hours of instrument

flight time, of which 10 hours must be in flight in airships.

(4) 20 hours of flight training in air-

ships on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes at least—

(i) Three hours in an airship with an

authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the pre-ceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(ii) One hour cross country flight in

an airship in daytime conditions that consists of a total straight-line dis-tance of more than 25 nautical miles from the point of departure; and

(iii) One hour cross country flight in

an airship in nighttime conditions that consists of a total straight-line dis-tance of more than 25 nautical miles from the point of departure.

(5) 10 hours of flight training per-

forming the duties of pilot in command with an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes at least—

557 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.129

(i) One cross-country flight with

landings at a minimum of three points, with one segment consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 25 nautical miles from the original point of departure; and

(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions

with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern).

(h) For a balloon rating. A person who

applies for a commercial pilot certifi-cate with a lighter-than-air category and a balloon class rating must log at least 35 hours of flight time as a pilot, which includes at least the following requirements:

(1) 20 hours in balloons; (2) 10 flights in balloons; (3) Two flights in balloons as the

pilot in command; and

(4) 10 hours of flight training that in-

cludes at least 10 training flights with an authorized instructor in balloons on the areas of operation listed in §61.127(b)(8) of this part, which consists of at least—

(i) For a gas balloon— (A) Two training flights of 2 hours

each in a gas balloon with an author-ized instructor in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(B) 2 flights performing the duties of

pilot in command in a gas balloon with an authorized instructor on the appro-priate areas of operation; and

ascent to 5,000 feet above the launch site.

(ii) For a balloon with an airborne

heater—

(A) Two training flights of 1 hour

each in a balloon with an airborne heater with an authorized instructor in preparation for the practical test with-in the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test;

(B) Two solo flights in a balloon with

an airborne heater on the appropriate areas of operation; and

ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch site.

(i) Permitted credit for use of a flight

simulator or flight training device. (1) Ex-

cept as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this section, an applicant who has not accomplished the training required by

this section in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter may:

(i) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to-

ward the total aeronautical experience requirements for an airplane or pow-ered-lift rating, provided the aero-nautical experience was obtained from an authorized instructor in a full flight simulator or flight training device that represents that class of airplane or powered-lift category and type, if ap-plicable, appropriate to the rating sought; and

(ii) Credit a maximum of 25 hours to-

ward the total aeronautical experience requirements of this section for a heli-copter rating, provided the aero-nautical experience was obtained from an authorized instructor in a full flight simulator or flight training device that represents a helicopter and type, if ap-plicable, appropriate to the rating sought.

(2) An applicant who has accom-

plished the training required by this section in a course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter may:

(i) Credit a maximum of 100 hours to-

ward the total aeronautical experience requirements of this section for an air-plane and powered-lift rating, provided the aeronautical experience was ob-tained from an authorized instructor in a full flight simulator or flight train-

ing device that represents that class of airplane or powered-lift category and type, if applicable, appropriate to the rating sought; and

(ii) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to-

(3) Except when fewer hours are ap-

proved by the FAA, an applicant for the commercial pilot certificate with the airplane or powered-lift rating who has completed 190 hours of aero-nautical experience is considered to

558 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.131

have met the total aeronautical experi-

ence requirements of this section, pro-vided the applicant satisfactorily com-pleted an approved commercial pilot course under part 142 of this chapter and the approved course was appro-priate to the commercial pilot certifi-cate and aircraft rating sought.

(j) Technically advanced airplane. Un-

less otherwise authorized by the Ad-ministrator, a technically advanced airplane must be equipped with an elec-tronically advanced avionics system that includes the following installed components:

(1) An electronic Primary Flight Dis-

play (PFD) that includes, at a min-imum, an airspeed indicator, turn coor-dinator, attitude indicator, heading in-dicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator;

(2) An electronic Multifunction Dis-

play (MFD) that includes, at a min-imum, a moving map using Global Po-sitioning System (GPS) navigation with the aircraft position displayed;

(3) A two axis autopilot integrated

with the navigation and heading guid-ance system; and

(4) The display elements described in

paragraphs (j)(1) and (2) of this section must be continuously visible.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–101, 62 FR 16892, Apr. 8, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30278, June 27, 2018]

§ 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying

requirements.

(a) Subject to the limitations of

(b) A person who receives flight

training in and resides in the State of Alaska but does not meet the night flight training requirements of this section:

(1) May be issued a pilot certificate

with the limitation ‘‘night flying pro-hibited.’’

(2) Must comply with the appropriate

night flight training requirements of this subpart within the 12-calendar-

month period after the issuance of the pilot certificate. At the end of that pe-riod, the certificate will become in-valid for use until the person complies

with the appropriate night flight train-ing requirements of this subpart. The person may have the ‘‘night flying pro-hibited’’ limitation removed if the per-son—

(i) Accomplishes the appropriate

night flight training requirements of this subpart; and

(ii) Presents to an examiner a log-

book or training record endorsement from an authorized instructor that verifies accomplishment of the appro-priate night flight training require-ments of this subpart.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges

and limitations.

(a) Privileges —(1) General. A person

who holds a commercial pilot certifi-cate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft—

(i) Carrying persons or property for

compensation or hire, provided the per-son is qualified in accordance with this part and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the oper-ation; and

(ii) For compensation or hire, pro-

vided the person is qualified in accord-ance with this part and with the appli-cable parts of this chapter that apply to the operation.

(2) Commercial pilots with lighter-than-

air category ratings. A person with a

commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating may—

(i) For an airship —(A) Give flight and

ground training in an airship for the issuance of a certificate or rating;

(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot

certificate with an airship rating;

operating privileges in an airship;

(D) Act as pilot in command of an

airship under IFR or in weather condi-tions less than the minimum pre-scribed for VFR flight; and

(E) Give flight and ground training

and endorsements that are required for a flight review, an operating privilege or recency-of-experience requirements of this part.

559 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.153

(ii) For a balloon —(A) Give flight and

ground training in a balloon for the issuance of a certificate or rating;

(B) Give an endorsement for a pilot

certificate with a balloon rating;

operating privileges in a balloon; and

(D) Give ground and flight training

and endorsements that are required for a flight review, an operating privilege, or recency-of-experience requirements of this part.

(b) Limitations. (1) A person who ap-

plies for a commercial pilot certificate with an airplane category or powered- lift category rating and does not hold an instrument rating in the same cat-egory and class will be issued a com-mercial pilot certificate that contains the limitation, ‘‘The carriage of pas-sengers for hire in (airplanes) (pow-ered-lifts) on cross-country flights in excess of 50 nautical miles or at night is prohibited.’’ The limitation may be removed when the person satisfactorily accomplishes the requirements listed in §61.65 of this part for an instrument rating in the same category and class of aircraft listed on the person’s com-mercial pilot certificate.

(2) If a person who applies for a com-

mercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a bal-loon with an airborne heater—

(i) The pilot certificate will contain a

limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a balloon with an airborne heater.

(ii) The limitation specified in para-

graph (b)(2)(i) of this section may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a gas balloon and receives a logbook en-dorsement from an authorized instruc-tor who attests to the person’s accom-plishment of the required aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a gas balloon.

(3) If a person who applies for a com-

mercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating takes a practical test in a gas balloon—

(i) The pilot certificate will contain a

limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a gas balloon.

(ii) The limitation specified in para-

graph (b)(3)(i) of this section may be removed when the person obtains the required aeronautical experience in a

balloon with an airborne heater and re-ceives a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor who attests to the person’s accomplishment of the re-quired aeronautical experience and ability to satisfactorily operate a bal-loon with an airborne heater.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016]

§§ 61.135–61.141 [Reserved]

Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots

§ 61.151 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the require-

ments for the issuance of airline trans-port pilot certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certifi-cates and ratings are necessary, and the general operating rules for persons who hold those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.153 Eligibility requirements: Gen-

eral.

To be eligible for an airline transport

pilot certificate, a person must:

(a) Meet the following age require-

ments:

(1) For an airline transport pilot cer-

tificate obtained under the aero-nautical experience requirements of §§61.159, 61.161, or 61.163, be at least 23 years of age; or

(2) For an airline transport pilot cer-

tificate obtained under the aero-nautical experience requirements of §61.160, be at least 21 years of age.

(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and

requirements:

(1) Holds a commercial pilot certifi-

cate with an instrument rating issued under this part;

(2) Meet the military experience re-

quirements under §61.73 of this part to

560 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.155

qualify for a commercial pilot certifi-

cate, and an instrument rating if the person is a rated military pilot or former rated military pilot of an Armed Force of the United States; or

(3) Holds either a foreign airline

transport pilot license with instrument privileges, or a foreign commercial pilot license with an instrument rat-ing, that—

(i) Was issued by a contracting State

to the Convention on International Civil Aviation; and

(ii) Contains no geographical limita-

tions.

(e) For an airline transport pilot cer-

tificate with an airplane category mul-tiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine air-plane type rating, receive a graduation certificate from an authorized training provider certifying completion of the airline transport pilot certification training program specified in §61.156 before applying for the knowledge test required by paragraph (g) of this sec-tion;

(f) Meet the aeronautical experience

requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rat-ing sought before applying for the prac-tical test;

(g) Pass a knowledge test on the

aeronautical knowledge areas of §61.155(c) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;

(h) Pass the practical test on the

areas of operation listed in §61.157(e) of this part that apply to the aircraft cat-egory and class rating sought; and

(i) Comply with the sections of this

subpart that apply to the aircraft cat-egory and class rating sought.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 124, 74 FR 42559, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021]

§ 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) General. The knowledge test for

an airline transport pilot certificate is based on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (c) of this sec-tion that are appropriate to the air-craft category and class rating sought. (b) Aircraft type rating. A person who

is applying for an additional aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot certificate is not re-quired to pass a knowledge test if that person’s airline transport pilot certifi-cate lists the aircraft category and class rating that is appropriate to the type rating sought.

Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-tions of this chapter that relate to air-line transport pilot privileges, limita-tions, and flight operations;

(2) Meteorology, including knowledge

of and effects of fronts, frontal charac-teristics, cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data;

(3) General system of weather and

NOTAM collection, dissemination, in-terpretation, and use;

(4) Interpretation and use of weather

charts, maps, forecasts, sequence re-ports, abbreviations, and symbols;

(5) National Weather Service func-

tions as they pertain to operations in the National Airspace System;

(6) Windshear and microburst aware-

ness, identification, and avoidance;

(7) Principles of air navigation under

instrument meteorological conditions in the National Airspace System;

(8) Air traffic control procedures and

pilot responsibilities as they relate to en route operations, terminal area and

radar operations, and instrument de-parture and approach procedures;

(9) Aircraft loading, weight and bal-

ance, use of charts, graphs, tables, for-mulas, and computations, and their ef-fect on aircraft performance;

(10) Aerodynamics relating to an air-

craft’s flight characteristics and per-formance in normal and abnormal flight regimes;

(11) Human factors; (12) Aeronautical decision making

and judgment;

(13) Crew resource management to in-

clude crew communication and coordi-nation; and

(14) For an airline transport pilot

certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating or an airline transport pilot certificate obtained concurrently with a multiengine air-plane type rating, the content of the

561 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.157

airline transport pilot certification

training program in §61.156.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–130C, 81 FR 2, Jan. 4, 2016; Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021]

§ 61.156 Training requirements: Air-

plane category—multiengine class or multiengine airplane type rating concurrently with an airline trans-port pilot certificate.

A person who applies for the knowl-

edge test for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane category multiengine class rating must present a graduation certificate from an au-thorized training provider under part 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter certi-fying the applicant has completed the following training in a course approved by the Administrator.

(a) Academic training. The applicant

for the knowledge test must receive at least 30 hours of classroom instruction that includes the following:

(1) At least 8 hours of instruction on

aerodynamics including high altitude operations;

(2) At least 2 hours of instruction on

meteorology, including adverse weath-er phenomena and weather detection systems; and

(3) At least 14 hours of instruction on

air carrier operations, including the following areas:

(i) Physiology; (ii) Communications; (iii) Checklist philosophy; (iv) Operational control; (v) Minimum equipment list/configu-

ration deviation list;

(vi) Ground operations; (vii) Turbine engines; (viii) Transport category aircraft

performance;

(ix) Automation, navigation, and

flight path warning systems.

(4) At least 6 hours of instruction on

leadership, professional development, crew resource management, and safety culture.

(b) FSTD training. The applicant for

the knowledge test must receive at

least 10 hours of training in a flight simulation training device qualified under part 60 of this chapter that rep-resents a multiengine turbine airplane. The training must include the fol-lowing: (1) At least 6 hours of training in a

Level C or higher full flight simulator qualified under part 60 of this chapter that represents a multiengine turbine airplane with a maximum takeoff weight of 40,000 pounds or greater. The training must include the following areas:

(i) Low energy states/stalls; (ii) Upset recovery techniques; and (iii) Adverse weather conditions, in-

cluding icing, thunderstorms, and crosswinds with gusts.

(2) The remaining FSTD training

may be completed in a Level 4 or high-er flight simulation training device. The training must include the fol-lowing areas:

(i) Navigation including flight man-

agement systems; and

(ii) Automation including autoflight. (c) Deviation authority. The Adminis-

trator may issue deviation authority from the weight requirement in para-graph (b)(1) of this section upon a de-termination that the objectives of the training can be met in an alternative device.

[Docket FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42375, July 15,

2013, as amended by Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021]

§ 61.157 Flight proficiency.

(a) General. (1) The practical test for

an airline transport pilot certificate is given for—

(i) An airplane category and single

engine class rating.

(ii) An airplane category and multi-

engine class rating.

(iii) A rotorcraft category and heli-

copter class rating.

(iv) A powered-lift category rating. (v) An aircraft type rating. (2) A person who is applying for an

airline transport pilot practical test must meet—

(i) The eligibility requirements of

§61.153; and

(ii) The aeronautical knowledge and

aeronautical experience requirements of this subpart that apply to the air-craft category and class rating sought.

(b) Aircraft type rating. Except as pro-

vided in paragraph (c) of this section, a person who applies for an aircraft type rating to be added to an airline trans-port pilot certificate or applies for a

562 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.157

type rating to be concurrently com-

pleted with an airline transport pilot certificate:

(1) Must receive and log ground and

flight training from an authorized in-structor on the areas of operation under this section that apply to the aircraft type rating;

(2) Must receive a logbook endorse-

ment from an authorized instructor that certifies the applicant completed the training on the areas of operation listed under paragraph (e) of this sec-tion that apply to the aircraft type rat-ing; and

(3) Must perform the practical test in

actual or simulated instrument condi-tions, except as provided under para-graph (g) of this section.

for an aircraft type rating to be added to an airline transport pilot certificate or an aircraft type rating concurrently with an airline transport pilot certifi-cate, and who is an employee of a cer-tificate holder operating under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, does not need to comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section if the applicant presents a training record that shows completion of that certifi-cate holder’s approved training pro-gram for the aircraft type rating.

(d) Upgrading type ratings. Any type

rating(s) and limitations on a pilot cer-tificate of an applicant who completes an airline transport pilot practical test will be included at the airline trans-port pilot certification level, provided the applicant passes the practical test in the same category and class of air-craft for which the applicant holds the type rating(s).

(e) Areas of Operation. A practical

test will include normal and abnormal procedures, as applicable, within the areas of operation for practical tests for an airplane category and powered- lift category rating. (1) For an airplane category—single engine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoffs and Landings; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Stall Prevention; (vi) Instrument procedures; (vii) Emergency operations; and (viii) Postflight procedures. (2) For an airplane category—multi-

engine class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoffs and Landings; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Stall Prevention. (vi) Instrument procedures; (vii) Emergency operations; and (viii) Postflight procedures. (3) For a powered-lift category rat-

ing:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoffs and Departure phase; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Instrument procedures; (vi) Landings and approaches to land-

ings;

(vii) Emergency operations; and (viii) Postflight procedures. (4) For a rotorcraft category—heli-

copter class rating:

(i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (iv) In-flight maneuvers; (v) Instrument procedures; (vi) Landings and approaches to land-

ings;

(vii) Normal and abnormal proce-

dures;

(viii) Emergency procedures; and (ix) Postflight procedures. (f) Proficiency and competency checks

conducted under part 121, part 135, or subpart K of part 91. (1) Successful com-

pletion of any of the following checks satisfies the flight proficiency require-ments of this section for the issuance of an airline transport pilot certificate and/or the appropriate aircraft rating:

(i) A proficiency check under §121.441

of this chapter.

(ii) Both a competency check under

§135.293(a)(2) and §135.293(b) of this chapter and pilot-in-command instru-ment proficiency check under §135.297 of this chapter.

(iii) Both a competency check under

§91.1065 of this chapter and a pilot-in- command instrument proficiency check under §91.1069 of this chapter.

(2) The checks specified in paragraph

(f)(1) of this section must be conducted by one of the following:

(i) An FAA Aviation Safety Inspec-

tor.

563 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.159

(ii) An Aircrew Program Designee

who is authorized to perform pro-ficiency and/or competency checks for the air carrier whose approved training program has been satisfactorily com-pleted by the pilot applicant.

(iii) A Training Center Evaluator

with appropriate certification author-ity who is also authorized to perform the portions of the competency and/or proficiency checks required by para-graph (f)(1) of this section for the air carrier whose approved training pro-gram has been satisfactorily completed by the pilot applicant.

(g) Aircraft not capable of instrument

maneuvers and procedures. An applicant

may add a type rating to an airline transport pilot certificate with an air-craft that is not capable of the instru-ment maneuvers and procedures re-quired on the practical test under the following circumstances—

(1) The rating is limited to ‘‘VFR

only.’’

(2) The type rating is added to an air-

line transport pilot certificate that has instrument privileges in that category and class of aircraft.

(3) The ‘‘VFR only’’ limitation may

be removed for that aircraft type after the applicant:

(i) Passes a practical test in that

type of aircraft on the appropriate in-strument maneuvers and procedures in §61.157; or

(ii) Becomes qualified in §61.73(d) for

that type of aircraft.

(h) Multiengine airplane with a single-

pilot station. An applicant for a type

rating, at the ATP certification level, in a multiengine airplane with a sin-gle-pilot station must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that airplane. The practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if the Exam-iner is in a position to observe the ap-plicant during the practical test in the case where there is no multi-seat version of that multiengine airplane.

(i) Single engine airplane with a single-

pilot station. An applicant for a type

rating, at the ATP certification level, in a single engine airplane with a sin-gle-pilot station must perform the practical test in the multi-seat version of that single engine airplane. The practical test may be performed in the single-seat version of that airplane if

the Examiner is in a position to ob-serve the applicant during the prac-tical test in the case where there is no multi-seat version of that single engine airplane.

(j) Waiver authority. An Examiner

who conducts a practical test may waive any task for which the FAA has provided waiver authority.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42560, Aug. 21,

2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, 2009, as amended by Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42375, July 15, 2013; Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR 22517, Apr. 1, 2024]

§ 61.158 [Reserved]

§ 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Air-

plane category rating.

(a) Except as provided in paragraphs

(b), (c), and (d) of this section, a person who is applying for an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane cat-egory and class rating must have at least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at least:

(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight

time.

(2) 100 hours of night flight time. (3) 50 hours of flight time in the class

of airplane for the rating sought. A maximum of 25 hours of training in a full flight simulator representing the class of airplane for the rating sought may be credited toward the flight time requirement of this paragraph if the training was accomplished as part of an approved training course in parts 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter. A flight training device or aviation train-ing device may not be used to satisfy this requirement.

(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time,

in actual or simulated instrument con-ditions, subject to the following:

(i) Except as provided in paragraph

(a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant may not receive credit for more than a total of 25 hours of simulated instru-ment time in a full flight simulator or flight training device.

(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of train-

ing in a full flight simulator or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time require-ments of paragraph (a)(4) of this sec-tion if the training was accomplished in a course conducted by a training

564 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.159

center certificated under part 142 of

this chapter.

(iii) Training in a full flight simu-

lator or flight training device must be accomplished in a full flight simulator or flight training device, representing an airplane.

(5) 250 hours of flight time in an air-

plane as a pilot in command, or as sec-ond in command performing the duties of pilot in command while under the supervision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof, subject to the following:

(i) The flight time requirement must

include at least—

(A) 100 hours of cross-country flight

time; and

(B) 25 hours of night flight time. (ii) Except for a person who has been

removed from flying status for lack of proficiency or because of a disciplinary action involving aircraft operations, a U.S. military pilot or former U.S. mili-tary pilot who meets the requirements of §61.73(b)(1), or a military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on Inter-national Civil Aviation who meets the requirements of §61.73(c)(1), may credit flight time in a powered-lift aircraft operated in horizontal flight toward the flight time requirement.

(6) Not more than 100 hours of the

total aeronautical experience require-ments of paragraph (a) of this section or §61.160 may be obtained in a full flight simulator or flight training de-vice provided the device represents an airplane and the aeronautical experi-ence was accomplished as part of an ap-proved training course in parts 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter.

(b) A person who has performed at

least 20 night takeoffs and landings to a full stop may substitute each addi-tional night takeoff and landing to a full stop for 1 hour of night flight time to satisfy the requirements of para-graph (a)(2) of this section; however, not more than 25 hours of night flight time may be credited in this manner.

ond-in-command pilot time toward the aeronautical experience requirements of paragraph (a) of this section and the aeronautical experience requirements in §61.160, provided the pilot is em-ployed by a part 119 certificate holder authorized to conduct operations under

part 135 of this chapter and the second- in-command pilot time is obtained in

operations conducted for the certifi-cate holder under part 91 or 135 of this chapter when a second pilot is not re-quired under the type certification of the aircraft or the regulations under which the flight is being conducted, and the following requirements are met—

(1) The experience must be accom-

plished as part of a second-in-command professional development program ap-proved by the Administrator under §135.99 of this chapter;

(2) The flight operation must be con-

ducted in accordance with the certifi-cate holder’s operations specification for the second-in-command profes-sional development program;

(3) The pilot in command of the oper-

ation must certify in the pilot’s log-book that the second-in-command pilot time was accomplished under this sec-tion; and

(4) The pilot time may not be logged

as pilot-in-command time even when the pilot is the sole manipulator of the controls and may not be used to meet the aeronautical experience require-ments in paragraph (a)(5) of this sec-tion.

(d) A commercial pilot may log the

following flight engineer flight time toward the 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot required by paragraph (a) of this section and the total time as a pilot re-quired by §61.160:

(1) Flight-engineer time, provided the

time—

(i) Is acquired in an airplane required

to have a flight engineer by the air-plane’s flight manual or type certifi-cate;

(ii) Is acquired while engaged in oper-

ations under part 121 of this chapter for which a flight engineer is required;

(iii) Is acquired while the person is

participating in a pilot training pro-gram approved under part 121 of this chapter; and

(iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour

for each 3 hours of flight engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more than 500 hours.

(2) Flight-engineer time, provided the

flight time—

565 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.160

(i) Is acquired as a U.S. Armed

Forces’ flight engineer crewmember in an airplane that requires a flight engi-neer crewmember by the flight manual;

(ii) Is acquired while the person is

participating in a flight engineer crew-member training program for the U.S. Armed Forces; and

(iii) Does not exceed 1 hour for each

3 hours of flight engineer flight time for a total credited time of no more than 500 hours.

(e) An applicant who credits time

under paragraphs (b) through (d) of this section and §61.51(f)(4) is issued an air-line transport pilot certificate with the limitation ‘‘Holder does not meet the pilot in command aeronautical experi-

ence requirements of ICAO,’’ as pre-scribed under Article 39 of the Conven-tion on International Civil Aviation.

(f) An applicant is entitled to an air-

line transport pilot certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under paragraph (e) of this section when the applicant presents satisfactory evi-dence of having met the ICAO require-ments under paragraph (e) of this sec-tion and otherwise meets the aero-nautical experience requirements of this section.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54560, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42375, July 15, 2013; Admt. 61–130A, 78 FR 44874, July 25, 2013; Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77573, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30278, June 27, 2018; Amdt. 61–150, 87 FR 57590, Sept. 21, 2022; Docket FAA–2023–1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80340, Oct. 2, 2024]

§ 61.160 Aeronautical experience—air-

plane category restricted privileges.

(a) Except for a person who has been

removed from flying status for lack of proficiency or because of a disciplinary action involving aircraft operations, a U.S. military pilot or former U.S. mili-tary pilot may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate with an air-plane category multiengine class rat-ing or an airline transport pilot certifi-cate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating with a minimum of 750 hours of total time as a pilot if the pilot presents: (1) An official Form DD–214 (Certifi-

cate of Release or Discharge from Ac-tive Duty) indicating that the person was honorably discharged from the U.S. Armed Forces or an official U.S. Armed Forces record that shows the pilot is currently serving in the U.S. Armed Forces; and

(2) An official U.S. Armed Forces

record that shows the person graduated from a U.S. Armed Forces under-graduate pilot training school and re-ceived a rating qualification as a mili-tary pilot.

(b) A person may apply for an airline

transport pilot certificate with an air-plane category multiengine class rat-ing or an airline transport pilot certifi-cate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating with a minimum of 1,000 hours of total time as a pilot if the person:

(1) Holds a Bachelor’s degree with an

aviation major from an institution of higher education, as defined in §61.1, that has been issued a letter of author-ization by the Administrator under §61.169;

(2) Completes 60 semester credit

hours of aviation and aviation-related coursework that has been recognized by the Administrator as coursework designed to improve and enhance the knowledge and skills of a person seek-ing a career as a professional pilot;

(3) Holds a commercial pilot certifi-

cate with an airplane category and in-strument rating if:

(i) The required ground training was

completed as part of an approved part 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education; and

(ii) The required flight training was

completed as part of an approved part 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education or at a part 141 pilot school that has a training agreement under §141.26 of this chapter with the institution of higher education; and

(4) Presents official transcripts or

other documentation acceptable to the Administrator from the institution of higher education certifying that the graduate has satisfied the require-ments in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section.

566 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.160

(1) Holds an Associate’s degree with

an aviation major from an institution of higher education, as defined in §61.1, that has been issued a letter of author-ization by the Administrator under §61.169;

(2) Completes at least 30 semester

credit hours of aviation and aviation- related coursework that has been rec-ognized by the Administrator as coursework designed to improve and enhance the knowledge and skills of a person seeking a career as a profes-sional pilot;

(3) Holds a commercial pilot certifi-

cate with an airplane category and in-strument rating if:

(i) The required ground training was

completed as part of an approved part 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education; and

(ii) The required flight training was

completed as part of an approved part 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education or at a part 141 pilot school that has a written training agreement under §141.26 of this chapter with the institution of higher edu-cation; and

(4) Presents official transcripts or

other documentation acceptable to the Administrator from the institution of higher education certifying that the graduate has satisfied the require-ments in paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section.

(d) A graduate of an institution of

higher education who completes fewer than 60 semester credit hours but at least 30 credit hours and otherwise sat-isfies the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section may apply for an airline transport pilot certificate with an air-plane category multiengine class rat-ing or an airline transport pilot certifi-cate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating with a minimum of 1,250 hours of total time as a pilot.

(e) A person who applies for an air-

line transport pilot certificate under the total flight times listed in para-graphs (a), (b), (c), and (d) of this sec-

tion must otherwise meet the aero-nautical experience requirements of §61.159, except that the person may apply for an airline transport pilot cer-tificate with 200 hours of cross-country flight time.

(f) A person may apply for an airline

transport pilot certificate with an air-plane category multiengine class rat-ing or an airline transport pilot certifi-cate concurrently with a multiengine airplane type rating if the person has 1,500 hours total time as a pilot, 200 hours of cross-country flight time, and otherwise meets the aeronautical expe-rience requirements of §61.159.

(g) An airline transport pilot certifi-

cate obtained under this section is sub-ject to the pilot in command limita-tions set forth in §61.167(b) and must contain the following limitation, ‘‘Re-stricted in accordance with 14 CFR 61.167.’’ The pilot is entitled to an air-line transport pilot certificate without the limitation specified in this para-graph when the applicant presents sat-isfactory evidence of having met the aeronautical experience requirements of §61.159 and the age requirement of §61.153(a)(1).

(h) An applicant who meets the aero-

nautical experience requirements of paragraphs (a), (b), (c), and (d) of this section is issued an airline transport pilot certificate with the limitation, ‘‘Holder does not meet the pilot in command aeronautical experience re-quirements of ICAO,’’ as prescribed under Article 39 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation if the ap-plicant does not meet the ICAO re-quirements contained in Annex 1 ‘‘Per-sonnel Licensing’’ to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. An ap-plicant is entitled to an airline trans-port pilot certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under this para-graph when the applicant presents sat-isfactory evidence of having met the ICAO requirements and otherwise meets the aeronautical experience re-quirements of §61.159.

[Docket FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42375, July 15,

2013, as amended by Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021]

567 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.163

§ 61.161 Aeronautical experience:

Rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating.

(a) A person who is applying for an

airline transport pilot certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating, must have at least 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot that in-cludes at least:

(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight

time;

(2) 100 hours of night flight time, of

which 15 hours are in helicopters;

(3) 200 hours of flight time in heli-

copters, which includes at least 75 hours as a pilot in command, or as sec-ond in command performing the duties of a pilot in command under the super-vision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof; and

(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time

in actual or simulated instrument me-teorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours are obtained in flight with at least 25 hours in helicopters as a pilot in command, or as second in command performing the duties of a pilot in command under the super-vision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof.

(b) Training in a full flight simulator

or flight training device may be cred-ited toward the instrument flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section, subject to the following:

(1) Training in a full flight simulator

or a flight training device must be ac-complished in a full flight simulator or flight training device that represents a rotorcraft.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph

(b)(3) of this section, an applicant may receive credit for not more than a total of 25 hours of simulated instrument time in a full flight simulator and flight training device.

(3) A maximum of 50 hours of train-

ing in a full flight simulator or flight training device may be credited toward the instrument flight time require-ments of paragraph (a)(4) of this sec-tion if the aeronautical experience is accomplished in an approved course conducted by a training center certifi-cated under part 142 of this chapter.

§61.159(c) may be counted toward the 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot re-quired by paragraph (a) of this section and the flight time requirements of

paragraphs (a)(1), (2), and (4) of this section, except for the specific heli-copter flight time requirements.

(d) An applicant who credits time

under paragraph (c) of this section and §61.51(f)(4) is issued an airline trans-port pilot certificate with the limita-tion ‘‘Holder does not meet the pilot in command aeronautical experience re-quirements of ICAO,’’ as prescribed under Article 39 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation.

(e) An applicant is entitled to an air-

line transport pilot certificate without the ICAO limitation specified under paragraph (d) of this section when the applicant presents satisfactory evi-dence of having met the ICAO require-ments under paragraph (d) of this sec-tion and otherwise meets the aero-nautical experience requirements of this section.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998; Docket FAA– 2016–6142, Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30279, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023–1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80340, Oct. 2, 2024]

§ 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Pow-

ered-lift category rating.

(a) A person who is applying for an

airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating must have at least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot that includes at least:

(1) 500 hours of cross-country flight

time;

(2) 100 hours of night flight time; (3) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a

pilot in command, or as a second in command performing the duties of a pilot in command under the super-vision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof, which includes at least—

(i) 100 hours of cross-country flight

time; and

(ii) 25 hours of night flight time.

(4) 75 hours of instrument flight time

in actual or simulated instrument con-ditions, subject to the following:

(i) Except as provided in paragraph

(a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant may not receive credit for more than a total of 25 hours of simulated instru-ment time in a flight simulator or flight training device.

568 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.165

(ii) A maximum of 50 hours of train-

ing in a flight simulator or flight train-ing device may be credited toward the instrument flight time requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the training was accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certifi-cated under part 142 of this chapter.

(iii) Training in a flight simulator or

flight training device must be accom-plished in a flight simulator or flight training device that represents a pow-ered-lift.

(b) Not more than 100 hours of the

total aeronautical experience require-ments of paragraph (a) of this section may be obtained in a flight simulator or flight training device that rep-resents a powered-lift, provided the aeronautical experience was obtained in an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.163 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.165 Additional aircraft category

and class ratings.

(a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter

class rating. A person applying for an

airline transport certificate with a rotorcraft category and helicopter class rating who holds an airline trans-port pilot certificate with another air-craft category rating must:

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements

of §61.153 of this part;

(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero-

nautical knowledge areas of §61.155(c) of this part;

(3) Comply with the requirements in

§61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate;

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical

experience requirements of §61.161 of this part; and

(5) Pass the practical test on the

areas of operation of §61.157(e)(4) of this part.

(b) Airplane category rating with a sin-

gle-engine class rating. A person apply-

ing for an airline transport certificate with an airplane category and single- engine class rating who holds an air-line transport pilot certificate with an-

other aircraft category rating must:

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements

of §61.153 of this part;

(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero-

nautical knowledge areas of §61.155(c) of this part;

(3) Comply with the requirements in

§61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate;

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical

experience requirements of §61.159 of this part; and

(5) Pass the practical test on the

areas of operation of §61.157(e)(1) of this part.

tiengine class rating. A person applying

for an airline transport certificate with an airplane category and multiengine class rating who holds an airline trans-port certificate with another aircraft category rating must:

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements

of §61.153 of this part;

(2) Successfully complete the airline

transport pilot certification training program specified in §61.156;

(3) Pass a knowledge test for an air-

plane category multiengine class rat-ing or type rating on the aeronautical knowledge areas of §61.155(c);

(4) Comply with the requirements in

§61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate;

(5) Meet the aeronautical experience

requirements of §61.159 or §61.160; and

(6) Pass the practical test on the

areas of operation of §61.157(e)(2) of this part.

(d) Powered-lift category. A person ap-

plying for an airline transport pilot certificate with a powered-lift category rating who holds an airline transport certificate with another aircraft cat-egory rating must:

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements

of §61.153 of this part;

(2) Pass a required knowledge test on

the aeronautical knowledge areas of §61.155(c) of this part;

(3) Comply with the requirements in

§61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate;

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical

experience requirements of §61.163 of this part; and

(5) Pass the required practical test on

the areas of operation of §61.157(e)(3) of this part.

569 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.167

(e) Additional class rating within the

same aircraft category. Except as pro-

vided in paragraph (f) of this section, a person applying for an airline trans-port pilot certificate with an addi-tional class rating who holds an airline transport certificate in the same air-craft category must—

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements

of §61.153, except paragraph (g) of that section;

(2) Comply with the requirements in

§61.157(b) of this part, if applicable;

(3) Meet the applicable aeronautical

experience requirements of subpart G of this part; and

(4) Pass a practical test on the areas

of operation of §61.157(e) appropriate to the aircraft rating sought.

(f) Adding a multiengine class rating to

an airline transport pilot certificate with a single engine class rating. A person ap-

plying to add a multiengine class rat-ing, or a multiengine class rating con-currently with a multiengine airplane type rating, to an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane cat-egory single engine class rating must—

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements

of §61.153;

(2) Pass a required knowledge test on

the aeronautical knowledge areas of §61.155(c), as applicable to multiengine airplanes;

(3) Comply with the requirements in

§61.157(b), if applicable;

(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical

experience requirements of §61.159; and

(5) Pass a practical test on the areas

of operation of §61.157(e)(2).

(g) Category class ratings for the oper-

ation of aircraft with experimental certifi-cates. Notwithstanding the provisions

of paragraphs (a) through (f) of this section, a person holding an airline transport certificate may apply for a category and class rating limited to a specific make and model of experi-mental aircraft, provided—

(1) The person has logged at least 5

hours flight time while acting as pilot in command in the same category, class, make, and model of aircraft that has been issued an experimental cer-tificate;

(2) The person has received a logbook

endorsement from an authorized in-structor who has determined that he or she is proficient to act as pilot in com-mand of the same category, class,

make, and model of aircraft for which application is made; and

(3) The flight time specified in para-

graph (g)(1) of this section must be logged between September 1, 2004 and August 31, 2005.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42376, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77574, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–130C, 81 FR 2, Jan. 4, 2016]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.165 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.167 Airline transport pilot privi-

leges and limitations.

(a) Privileges. (1) A person who holds

an airline transport pilot certificate is entitled to the same privileges as a person who holds a commercial pilot certificate with an instrument rating.

(2) A person who holds an airline

transport pilot certificate and has met the aeronautical experience require-ments of §61.159 or §61.161, and the age requirements of §61.153(a)(1) of this part may instruct—

(i) Other pilots in air transportation

service in aircraft of the category, class, and type, as applicable, for which the airline transport pilot is rated and endorse the logbook or other training record of the person to whom training has been given;

(ii) In flight simulators, and flight

training devices representing the air-craft referenced in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, when instructing under the provisions of this section and en-dorse the logbook or other training record of the person to whom training has been given;

(iii) Only as provided in this section,

except that an airline transport pilot who also holds a flight instructor cer-tificate can exercise the instructor privileges under subpart H of this part for which he or she is rated; and

(iv) In an aircraft, only if the aircraft

has functioning dual controls, when in-structing under the provisions of this section.

(3) Excluding briefings and

debriefings, an airline transport pilot may not instruct in aircraft, flight

570 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.169

simulators, and flight training devices

under this section—

(i) For more than 8 hours in any 24-

consecutive-hour period; or

(ii) For more than 36 hours in any 7-

consecutive-day period.

(4) An airline transport pilot may not

instruct in Category II or Category III operations unless he or she has been trained and successfully tested under Category II or Category III operations, as applicable.

(b) Limitations. A person who holds an

airline transport pilot certificate and has not satisfied the age requirement of §61.153(a)(1) and the aeronautical ex-perience requirements of §61.159 may not:

(1) Act as pilot in command in oper-

ations conducted under part 121, §91.1053(a)(2)(i), or §135.243(a)(1) of this chapter, or

(2) Serve as second in command in

flag or supplemental operations in part 121 of this chapter requiring three or more pilots.

[Docket FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42376, July 15,

2013, as amended by Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77574, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–130C, 81 FR 2, Jan. 4, 2016]

FFECTIVE DATE NOTE: Amendments to

§61.167 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef-fective Jan. 21, 2025.

§ 61.169 Letters of authorization for in-

stitutions of higher education.

(a) An institution of higher education

that is accredited, as defined in §61.1, may apply for a letter of authorization for the purpose of certifying its grad-uates for an airline transport pilot cer-tificate under the academic and aero-nautical experience requirements in §61.160. The application must be in a form and manner acceptable to the Ad-ministrator.

(b) An institution of higher education

must comply with the provisions of the letter of authorization and may not certify a graduate unless it determines that the graduate has satisfied the re-quirements of §61.160, as appropriate.

amend a letter of authorization if the Administrator determines that the in-stitution of higher education is not complying or is unable to comply with the provisions of the letter of author-

ization.

[Docket FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42377, July 15,

2013]

§§ 61.170–69.171 [Reserved]

Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other

than Flight Instructors With a Sport Pilot Rating

§ 61.181 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the require-

ments for the issuance of flight in-structor certificates and ratings (ex-cept for flight instructor certificates with a sport pilot rating), the condi-tions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the lim-itations on those certificates and rat-ings.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27,

2004]

§ 61.183 Eligibility requirements.

To be eligible for a flight instructor

certificate or rating a person must:

(a) Be at least 18 years of age; (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and

certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with:

(1) An aircraft category and class rat-

ing that is appropriate to the flight in-structor rating sought; and

(2) An instrument rating, or privi-

leges on that person’s pilot certificate that are appropriate to the flight in-structor rating sought, if applying for—

(i) A flight instructor certificate with

an airplane category and single-engine class rating;

(ii) A flight instructor certificate

with an airplane category and multien-gine class rating;

(iii) A flight instructor certificate

with a powered-lift rating; or

(iv) A flight instructor certificate

with an instrument rating.

571 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.185

(d) Receive a logbook endorsement

from an authorized instructor on the fundamentals of instructing listed in §61.185 of this part appropriate to the required knowledge test;

(e) Pass a knowledge test on the

areas listed in §61.185(a)(1) of this part, unless the applicant:

(1) Holds a flight instructor certifi-

cate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part;

(2) Holds a teacher’s certificate

issued by a State, county, city, or mu-nicipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or

(3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac-

credited college or university.

(f) Pass a knowledge test on the aero-

nautical knowledge areas listed in §61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that are appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought;

(g) Receive a logbook endorsement

from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in §61.187(b) of this part, appropriate to the flight in-structor rating sought;

(h) Pass the required practical test

that is appropriate to the flight in-structor rating sought in an:

(1) Aircraft that is representative of

the category and class of aircraft for the aircraft rating sought; or

(2) Flight simulator or approved

flight training device that is represent-ative of the category and class of air-craft for the rating sought, and used in accordance with a course at a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

(i) Accomplish the following for a

flight instructor certificate with an airplane or a glider rating:

(1) Receive a logbook endorsement

from an authorized instructor indi-cating that the applicant is competent and possesses instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures after pro-viding the applicant with flight train-ing in those training areas in an air-plane or glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for spins; and

(2) Demonstrate instructional pro-

ficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures. However, upon presentation of the en-dorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) of this section an examiner may accept

that endorsement as satisfactory evi-dence of instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures for the prac-tical test, provided that the practical test is not a retest as a result of the ap-plicant failing the previous test for de-ficiencies in the knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin recovery instructional procedures. If the retest is a result of deficiencies in the ability of an applicant to dem-onstrate knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin re-covery instructional procedures, the examiner must test the person on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery instructional procedures in an airplane or glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for spins;

(j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in

command in the category and class of aircraft that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought; and

(k) Comply with the appropriate sec-

tions of this part that apply to the flight instructor rating sought.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.

(a) A person who is applying for a

flight instructor certificate must re-ceive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, the fundamentals of instructing, including:

(i) The learning process; (ii) Elements of effective teaching; (iii) Student evaluation and testing; (iv) Course development; (v) Lesson planning; and (vi) Classroom training techniques. (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas

for a recreational, private, and com-mercial pilot certificate applicable to the aircraft category for which flight instructor privileges are sought; and

(3) The aeronautical knowledge areas

for the instrument rating applicable to the category for which instrument flight instructor privileges are sought.

(b) The following applicants do not

need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of this section:

572 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.187

(1) The holder of a flight instructor

certificate or ground instructor certifi-cate issued under this part;

(2) The holder of a current teacher’s

certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or

(3) A person employed as a teacher at

an accredited college or university.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.187 Flight proficiency.

(a) General. A person who is applying

for a flight instructor certificate must receive and log flight and ground train-ing from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in this section that apply to the flight instruc-tor rating sought. The applicant’s log-book must contain an endorsement from an authorized instructor certi-fying that the person is proficient to pass a practical test on those areas of operation.

(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air-

plane category rating with a single-en-gine class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures;

(vi) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations;

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(viii) Fundamentals of flight; (ix) Performance maneuvers; (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (xiv) Postflight procedures. (2) For an airplane category rating

with a multiengine class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and seaplane base oper-

ations;

(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(viii) Fundamentals of flight; (ix) Performance maneuvers;

(x) Ground reference maneuvers; (xi) Slow flight and stalls; (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xiii) Emergency operations; (xiv) Multiengine operations; and (xv) Postflight procedures. (3) For a rotorcraft category rating

with a helicopter class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(ix) Fundamentals of flight; (x) Performance maneuvers; (xi) Emergency operations; (xii) Special operations; and (xiii) Postflight procedures. (4) For a rotorcraft category rating

with a gyroplane class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(viii) Fundamentals of flight; (ix) Performance maneuvers; (x) Flight at slow airspeeds; (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (xii) Emergency operations; and (xiii) Postflight procedures. (5) For a powered-lift category rat-

ing:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-

arounds;

(ix) Fundamentals of flight; (x) Performance maneuvers; (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (xii) Slow flight and stalls; (xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xiv) Emergency operations;

573 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.193

(xv) Special operations; and

(xvi) Postflight procedures. (6) For a glider category rating: (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport and gliderport oper-

ations;

(vii) Launches and landings; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (ix) Performance speeds; (x) Soaring techniques; (xi) Performance maneuvers; (xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (xiv) Postflight procedures. (7) For an instrument rating with the

appropriate aircraft category and class rating:

(i) Fundamentals of instructing;

(ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver

to be performed in flight;

(v) Air traffic control clearances and

procedures;

(vi) Flight by reference to instru-

ments;

(vii) Navigation aids; (viii) Instrument approach proce-

dures;

(ix) Emergency operations; and (x) Postflight procedures. (c) The flight training required by

this section may be accomplished:

(1) In an aircraft that is representa-

tive of the category and class of air-craft for the rating sought; or

(2) In a flight simulator or flight

training device representative of the category and class of aircraft for the rating sought, and used in accordance with an approved course at a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.189 Flight instructor records.

(a) A flight instructor must sign the

logbook of each person to whom that instructor has given flight training or ground training. (b) A flight instructor must maintain

a record in a logbook or a separate doc-ument that contains the following:

(1) The name of each person whose

logbook that instructor has endorsed for solo flight privileges, and the date of the endorsement; and

(2) The name of each person that in-

structor has endorsed for a knowledge test or practical test, and the record shall also indicate the kind of test, the date, and the results.

the records required by this section for at least 3 years.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61– 135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016]

§ 61.191 Additional flight instructor

ratings.

(a) A person who applies for an addi-

tional flight instructor rating on a flight instructor certificate must meet the eligibility requirements listed in §61.183 of this part that apply to the flight instructor rating sought.

(b) A person who applies for an addi-

tional rating on a flight instructor cer-tificate is not required to pass the knowledge test on the areas listed in §61.185(a)(1) of this part.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997]

§ 61.193 Flight instructor privileges.

(a) A person who holds a flight in-

structor certificate is authorized with-in the limitations of that person’s flight instructor certificate and ratings to conduct ground training, flight training, certain checking events, and to issue endorsements related to:

(1) A student pilot certificate; (2) A pilot certificate; (3) A flight instructor certificate; (4) A ground instructor certificate; (5) An aircraft rating; (6) An instrument rating; (7) A flight review, operating privi-

lege, or recency of experience require-ment of this part, or training to main-tain or improve the skills of a certifi-cated pilot;

(8) A practical test; and (9) A knowledge test. (b) A person who holds a flight in-

structor certificate is authorized, in a

574 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.195

form and manner acceptable to the Ad-

ministrator, to:

(1) Accept an application for a stu-

dent pilot certificate or, for an appli-cant who holds a pilot certificate (other than a student pilot certificate) issued under part 61 of this chapter and meets the flight review requirements specified in §61.56, a remote pilot cer-tificate with a small UAS rating;

(2) Verify the identity of the appli-

cant; and

(3) Verify that an applicant for a stu-

dent pilot certificate meets the eligi-bility requirements in §61.83 or an ap-plicant for a remote pilot certificate with a small UAS rating meets the eli-gibility requirements in §107.61 of this chapter.

section do not permit a person who holds a flight instructor certificate to conduct operations that would other-wise require an air carrier or operating certificate or specific authorization from the Administrator.

[Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR

1306, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket FAA–2015–0150, Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, June 28, 2016; Docket FAA–2023–1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80340, Oct. 2, 2024]

§ 61.195 Flight instructor limitations

and qualifications.

A person who holds a flight instruc-

tor certificate is subject to the fol-lowing limitations:

(a) Hours of training. In any 24-con-

secutive-hour period, a flight instruc-tor may not conduct more than 8 hours of flight training.

(b) Aircraft ratings. Except as pro-

vided in paragraph (c) of this section, a flight instructor may not conduct flight training in any aircraft unless the flight instructor:

(1) Holds a flight instructor certifi-

cate with the applicable category and class rating;

(2) Holds a pilot certificate with the

applicable category and class rating; and

(3) Meets the requirements of para-

graph (e) of this section, if applicable.

tor may conduct instrument training for the issuance of an instrument rat-ing, a type rating not limited to VFR, or the instrument training required for commercial pilot and airline transport

pilot certificates if the following re-quirements are met:

(1) Except as provided in paragraph

(c)(2) of this section, the flight instruc-tor must hold an instrument rating ap-propriate to the aircraft used for the instrument training on his or her flight instructor certificate, and—

(i) Meet the requirements of para-

graph (b) of this section; or

(ii) Hold a commercial pilot certifi-

cate or airline transport pilot certifi-cate with the appropriate category and

class ratings for the aircraft in which the instrument training is conducted provided the pilot receiving instrument training holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft in which the instrument training is being conducted.

(2) If the flight instructor is con-

ducting the instrument training in a multiengine airplane, the flight in-structor must hold an instrument rat-ing appropriate to the aircraft used for the instrument training on his or her flight instructor certificate and meet the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section.

(d) Limitations on endorsements. A

flight instructor may not endorse a:

(1) Student pilot’s logbook for solo

flight privileges, unless that flight in-structor has—

(i) Given that student the flight

training required for solo flight privi-leges required by this part; and

(ii) Determined that the student is

prepared to conduct the flight safely under known circumstances, subject to any limitations listed in the student’s logbook that the instructor considers necessary for the safety of the flight.

(2) Student pilot’s logbook for a solo

cross-country flight, unless that flight instructor has determined the stu-dent’s flight preparation, planning, equipment, and proposed procedures are adequate for the proposed flight under the existing conditions and with-in any limitations listed in the logbook that the instructor considers necessary for the safety of the flight;

(3) Student pilot’s logbook for solo

flight in a Class B airspace area or at an airport within Class B airspace un-less that flight instructor has—

575 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.195

(i) Given that student ground and

flight training in that Class B airspace or at that airport; and

(ii) Determined that the student is

proficient to operate the aircraft safe-ly.

(4) Logbook of a recreational pilot,

unless that flight instructor has—

(i) Given that pilot the ground and

flight training required by this part; and

(ii) Determined that the recreational

pilot is proficient to operate the air-craft safely.

(5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight re-

view, unless that instructor has con-ducted a review of that pilot in accord-ance with the requirements of §61.56(a) of this part; or

(6) Logbook of a pilot for an instru-

ment proficiency check, unless that in-structor has tested that pilot in ac-cordance with the requirements of §61.57(d) of this part.

(e) Training in an aircraft that requires

a type rating. A flight instructor may

not give flight instruction, including instrument training, in an aircraft that requires the pilot in command to hold a type rating unless the flight in-structor holds a type rating for that aircraft on his or her pilot certificate.

(f) Training received in a multiengine

airplane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift. A

flight instructor may not give training required for the issuance of a certifi-cate or rating in a multiengine air-plane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift unless that flight instructor has at least 5 flight hours of pilot-in-com-mand time in the specific make and model of multiengine airplane, heli-copter, or powered-lift, as appropriate.

(g) Position in aircraft and required

pilot stations for providing flight training. (1) A flight instructor must perform all training from in an aircraft that com-plies with the requirements of §91.109 of this chapter.

(2) A flight instructor who provides

flight training for a pilot certificate or rating issued under this part must pro-vide that flight training in an aircraft that meets the following require-ments—

(i) The aircraft must have at least

two pilot stations and be of the same category, class, and type, if appro-priate, that applies to the pilot certifi-

cate or rating sought.

(ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre-

solo flight training must have been provided in an aircraft that has two pilot stations and is of the same cat-egory, class, and type, if appropriate.

(h) Qualifications to provide ground or

flight training to initial flight instructor applicants —(1) Ground training. The

ground training provided to an initial applicant for a flight instructor certifi-cate must be given by an authorized in-

structor who—

(i) Holds a ground or flight instructor

certificate with the appropriate rating, has held that certificate for at least 24 calendar months, and has given at least 40 hours of ground training; or

(ii) Holds a ground or flight instruc-

tor certificate with the appropriate rating, and has given at least 100 hours of ground training in an FAA-approved course.

(2) Flight training. A flight instructor

who provides flight training to an ini-tial applicant for a flight instructor certificate must meet the eligibility requirements prescribed in §61.183; hold the appropriate flight instructor cer-tificate and rating; meet the require-ments of the part under which the flight training is provided; and meet one of the following requirements—

(i) Have held a flight instructor cer-

tificate for at least 24 calendar months; and

(A) For training in preparation for an

airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating, have given at least 200 hours of flight training as a flight instructor; or

(B) For training in preparation for a

glider rating, have given at least 80 hours of flight training as a flight in-structor;

(ii) Have trained and endorsed, dur-

ing the preceding 24 calendar months, at least five applicants for a practical test for a pilot certificate or rating, and at least 80 percent of all applicants endorsed in that period passed that test on their first attempt; or

(iii) After completing the flight

training requirements in paragraph (h)(2)(i)(A) or (B) of this section, as ap-propriate, have graduated from an FAA-approved flight instructor en-hanced qualification training program

576 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.195

that satisfies the requirements speci-

fied in paragraph (h)(3) of this section.

(3) Flight instructor enhanced qualifica-

tion training program. A flight instruc-

tor enhanced qualification training program must be approved and con-ducted under part 141 or 142 of this chapter, and meet the following requirements-

(i) The ground training must include

at least 25 hours of instruction that in-cludes the following subjects:

(A) Flight instructor responsibilities,

functions, lesson planning, and risk management, including how to instruct an initial flight instructor applicant on these subjects.

(B) Teaching methods, procedures,

and techniques applicable to instruct-ing an initial flight instructor appli-cant.

an initial flight instructor applicant to detect improper and insufficient trans-fer of instructional knowledge, train-ing, and performance of the initial flight instructor applicant.

(D) Corrective action in the case of

unsatisfactory training progress.

(ii) The flight training must include

at least 10 hours of training that in-cludes the following areas:

(A) Scenario-based training to de-

velop the flight instructor’s ability to instruct an initial flight instructor ap-plicant how to satisfactorily perform the procedures and maneuvers while giving effective flight training.

(B) Instructional knowledge and pro-

ficiency to teach an initial flight in-structor applicant in abnormal and emergency procedures, which must in-clude stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures, if appli-cable to the category and class of air-craft used in the flight instructor en-hanced qualification training program.

results of improper, untimely, or non- execution of safety measures critical to flight training.

(D) Methods of proper evaluation of

an initial flight instructor applicant to detect improper and insufficient trans-fer of instructional knowledge, train-ing, and performance of the initial flight instructor applicant.

(E) Corrective action in the case of

unsatisfactory training progress. (F) Methods to detect personal char-

acteristics of an initial flight instruc-tor applicant that could adversely af-

fect safety.

(iii) Each flight instructor enrolled

in the flight instructor enhanced quali-fication training program must satis-factorily complete an end-of-course written test specific to the ground training subjects in paragraph (h)(3)(i) of this section and an end-of-course in-structional proficiency flight test spe-cific to the flight training areas in paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section.

(iv) A full flight simulator or flight

training device may be used to meet the flight training requirements of paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section. The FFS or FTD must be—

(A) Qualified and maintained in ac-

cordance with part 60 of this chapter, or a previously qualified device as per-mitted in accordance with §60.17 of this chapter;

(B) Approved by the Administrator

pursuant to §61.4(a); and

under which the FAA-approved course is conducted.

(v) A maximum of 5 hours of training

received in an advanced aviation train-ing device may be used to meet the flight training requirements of para-graph (h)(3)(ii) of this section for part 141 flight instructor enhanced quali-fication training programs. The ad-vanced aviation training device must be-

(A) Approved by the Administrator

pursuant to §61.4(c); and

(B) Used in accordance with part 141

of this chapter.

(vi) No certificate holder may use a

person, nor may any person serve, as an instructor of the flight instructor enhanced qualification training pro-gram unless the instructor holds a flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate and meets one of the following qualifications:

(A) Serves as a chief instructor or as-

sistant chief instructor in a part 141 pilot school;

(B) Serves as a training center pro-

gram manager or assistant training center program manager of a part 142 training center; or

577 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.197

sistant chief instructor, pursuant to §141.36(d).

(vii) A part 141 pilot school or part

142 training center must issue a grad-uation certificate to each flight in-structor who successfully completes the flight instructor enhanced quali-fication training program.

(i) Prohibition against self-endorse-

ments. A flight instructor shall not

make any self-endorsement for a cer-tificate, rating, flight review, author-ization, operating privilege, practical test, or knowledge test that is required by this part.

(j) Additional qualifications required to

give training in Category II or Category III operations. A flight instructor may

not give training in Category II or Cat-egory III operations unless the flight instructor has been trained and tested in Category II or Category III oper-ations, pursuant to §61.67 or §61.68 of this part, as applicable.

(k) Training for night vision goggle op-

erations. A flight instructor may not

conduct training for night vision gog-gle operations unless the flight instruc-tor:

(1) Has a pilot and flight instructor

certificate with the applicable cat-egory and class rating for the training;

(2) If appropriate, has a type rating

on his or her pilot certificate for the aircraft;

(3) Is pilot in command qualified for

night vision goggle operations, in ac-cordance with §61.31(k);

(4) Has logged 100 night vision goggle

operations as the sole manipulator of the controls;

(5) Has logged 20 night vision goggle

operations as the sole manipulator of the controls in the category and class, and type of aircraft, if aircraft class and type is appropriate, that the train-ing will be given in;

(6) Is qualified to act as pilot in com-

mand in night vision goggle operations under §61.57(f) or (g); and

(7) Has a logbook endorsement from

an FAA Aviation Safety Inspector or a person who is authorized by the FAA to provide that logbook endorsement that states the flight instructor is author-ized to perform the night vision goggle pilot in command qualification and re-cent flight experience requirements

under §61.31(k) and §61.57(f) and (g).

(l) Training on control and maneu-

vering an aircraft solely by reference to the instruments. A flight instructor may

conduct flight training on control and maneuvering an airplane solely by ref-erence to the flight instruments, pro-vided the flight instructor—

(1) Holds a flight instructor certifi-

cate with the applicable category and class rating; or

(2) Holds an instrument rating appro-

priate to the aircraft used for the training on his or her flight instructor certificate, and holds a commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with the appropriate category and class ratings for the air-craft in which the training is con-ducted provided the pilot receiving the training holds a pilot certificate with category and class ratings appropriate to the aircraft in which the training is being conducted.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA– 2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1307, Jan. 12, 2016; Docket FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30729, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023– 0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80051, Oct. 1, 2024]

§ 61.197 Recent experience require-

ments for flight instructor certifi-cation.

(a) A person may exercise the privi-

leges of the person’s flight instructor certificate only if, within the preceding 24 calendar months, that person has satisfied one of the recent experience requirements specified in paragraph (b) of this section. The 24 calendar month period during which the flight instruc-tor must establish recent experience shall start from one of the following—

(1) The month the FAA issued the

flight instructor certificate;

(2) The month the recent experience

requirements of paragraph (b) of this section are accomplished; or

(3) The last month of the flight in-

structor’s current recent experience pe-riod provided the recent experience re-quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec-tion are accomplished within the 3 cal-endar months preceding the last month of the certificate holder’s current re-cent experience period.

578 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.199

(b) A person who holds a flight in-

structor certificate may establish re-cent experience by satisfying one of the following requirements—

(1) Passing a practical test for— (i) One of the ratings listed on the

flight instructor certificate; or

(ii) An additional flight instructor

rating; or

(2) Satisfactorily completing one of

the following recent experience re-quirements, and submitting docu-mentation of such in a form and man-ner acceptable to the Administrator—

(i) During the preceding 24 calendar

months, the flight instructor has en-dorsed at least 5 applicants for a prac-tical test for a certificate or rating and at least 80 percent of all applicants en-dorsed passed that test on the first at-tempt.

(ii) Within the preceding 24 calendar

months, the flight instructor has served as a company check pilot, chief flight instructor, company check air-man, or flight instructor in a part 121 or 135 operation, or in a position in-volving the regular evaluation of pi-lots.

(iii) Within the preceding 3 calendar

months, the person has successfully completed an approved flight instruc-tor refresher course consisting of ground training or flight training, or a combination of both.

(iv) Within the preceding 24 calendar

months from the month of application, the flight instructor passed an official U.S. Armed Forces military instructor pilot or pilot examiner proficiency check in an aircraft for which the mili-tary instructor already holds a rating or in an aircraft for an additional rat-ing.

(v) Within the preceding 24 calendar

months from the month of application, the flight instructor has served as a flight instructor in an FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency program, provided the flight instructor meets the following requirements—

(A) Holds a flight instructor certifi-

cate and meets the appropriate flight instructor recent experience require-ments of this part;

(B) Has satisfactorily completed at

least one phase of an FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency program in the pre-ceding 12 calendar months; and (C) Has conducted at least 15 flight

activities recognized under the FAA- sponsored pilot proficiency program, during which the flight instructor eval-uated at least 5 different pilots and has

made the necessary endorsements in the logbooks of each pilot for each ac-tivity.

(f) of this section, a person who fails to establish recent experience in accord-ance with paragraph (b) of this section during the 24 calendar month period specified in paragraph (a) of this sec-tion may not exercise flight instructor privileges until those privileges are re-instated in accordance with §61.199.

(d) The practical test required by

paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be accomplished in a full flight simulator or flight training device if the test is accomplished pursuant to an approved course conducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chap-ter.

(e) A person who holds an unexpired

flight instructor certificate issued be-fore December 1, 2024, may renew that certificate by establishing recent expe-rience in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section prior to the month of expiration on that person’s flight in-structor certificate. Except as provided in §61.40, if that person fails to estab-lish recent experience prior to the expi-ration of that person’s flight instructor certificate, that person may not exer-cise flight instructor privileges until those privileges are reinstated in ac-cordance with §61.199.

(f) A person who qualifies for the re-

lief prescribed in §61.40 may establish recent experience in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section, provided the requirements of §61.40 are met.

[Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR

80051, Oct. 1, 2024]

§ 61.199 Reinstatement of flight in-

structor privileges.

(a) Flight instructor privileges. The

holder of a flight instructor certificate who has not complied with the flight instructor recent experience require-ments of §61.197 may reinstate their flight instructor privileges by filing a completed and signed application with the FAA and satisfactorily completing

579 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.213

one of the following reinstatement re-

quirements:

(1) If 3 calendar months or less have

passed since the last month of the flight instructor’s recent experience period, the flight instructor may suc-cessfully complete an approved flight instructor refresher course consisting of ground training or flight training, or a combination of both, or satisfy one of the requirements specified in para-graph (a)(2) of this section.

(2) If more than 3 calendar months

have passed since the last month of the flight instructor’s recent experience period, the flight instructor must satis-factorily complete one of the following:

(i) A flight instructor certification

practical test, as prescribed by §61.183(h), for one of the ratings held on the flight instructor certificate; or

(ii) A flight instructor certification

practical test for an additional rating.

(3) For military instructor pilots and

pilot examiners, provide a record show-ing that, within the preceding 6 cal-endar months from the date of applica-tion for reinstatement, the person—

(i) Passed a U.S. Armed Forces in-

structor pilot or pilot examiner pro-ficiency check; or

(ii) Completed a U.S. Armed Forces

instructor pilot or pilot examiner training course and received an addi-tional aircraft qualification as a mili-tary instructor pilot or pilot examiner that is appropriate to the flight in-structor rating sought.

(b) Flight instructor ratings. (1) A

flight instructor rating or a limited flight instructor rating on a pilot cer-tificate is no longer valid and may not be exchanged for a similar rating or a flight instructor certificate.

(2) The holder of a flight instructor

rating or a limited flight instructor rating on a pilot certificate may be issued a flight instructor certificate with the current ratings, but only if the person passes the required knowl-edge and practical test prescribed in this subpart for the issuance of the cur-rent flight instructor certificate and

rating.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr.

23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30279, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80052, Oct. 1, 2024]

§ 61.201 [Reserved]

Subpart I—Ground Instructors

§ 61.211 Applicability.

This subpart prescribes the require-

ments for the issuance of ground in-structor certificates and ratings, the conditions under which those certifi-cates and ratings are necessary, and the limitations upon those certificates and ratings.

§ 61.213 Eligibility requirements.

(a) To be eligible for a ground in-

structor certificate or rating a person must:

(1) Be at least 18 years of age; (2) Be able to read, write, speak, and

(3) Except as provided in paragraph

(b) of this section, pass a knowledge test on the fundamentals of instructing to include—

nautical knowledge areas in—

(i) For a basic ground instructor rat-

ing §§61.97, 61.105, and 61.309;

(ii) For an advanced ground instruc-

tor rating §§61.97, 61.105, 61.125, 61.155, and 61.309; and

(iii) For an instrument ground in-

structor rating, §61.65.

(b) The knowledge test specified in

paragraph (a)(3) of this section is not required if the applicant:

580 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.215

(1) Holds a ground instructor certifi-

cate or flight instructor certificate issued under this part;

(2) Holds a teacher’s certificate

issued by a State, county, city, or mu-nicipality that authorizes the person to teach at an educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or

(3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac-

credited college or university.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009]

§ 61.215 Ground instructor privileges.

(a) A person who holds a basic ground

instructor rating is authorized to pro-vide—

(1) Ground training in the aero-

nautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, private pilot certificate, or associated ratings under this part;

(2) Ground training required for a

sport pilot, recreational pilot, and pri-vate pilot flight review; and

(3) A recommendation for a knowl-

edge test required for the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, recreational pilot certificate, or private pilot cer-tificate under this part.

(b) A person who holds an advanced

ground instructor rating is authorized to provide:

(1) Ground training on the aero-

nautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of any certificate or rat-ing under this part except for the aero-nautical knowledge areas required for an instrument rating.

(2) The ground training required for

any flight review except for the train-ing required for an instrument rating.

(3) A recommendation for a knowl-

edge test required for the issuance of any certificate or rating under this part except for an instrument rating.

ground instructor rating is authorized to provide:

(1) Ground training in the aero-

nautical knowledge areas required for the issuance of an instrument rating under this part;

(2) Ground training required for an

instrument proficiency check; and (3) A recommendation for a knowl-

edge test required for the issuance of an instrument rating under this part.

(d) A person who holds a ground in-

structor certificate is authorized, with-in the limitations of the ratings on the ground instructor certificate, to en-dorse the logbook or other training record of a person to whom the holder has provided the training or rec-ommendation specified in paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section.

(e) Ground training provided to an

initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate may only be provided by an authorized instructor in accordance with §61.195(h)(1).

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as

amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80052, Oct. 1, 2024]

§ 61.217 Recent experience require-

ments.

The holder of a ground instructor

certificate may not perform the duties of a ground instructor unless the per-son can show that one of the following occurred during the preceding 12 cal-endar months:

(a) Employment or activity as a

ground instructor giving pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor train-ing;

(b) Employment or activity as a

flight instructor giving pilot, flight in-structor, or ground instructor ground or flight training;

instructor refresher course and receipt of a graduation certificate for that course; or

(d) An endorsement from an author-

ized instructor certifying that the per-son has demonstrated knowledge in the subject areas prescribed under §61.213(a)(3) and (a)(4), as appropriate.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21,

2009]

Subpart J—Sport Pilots

SOURCE : Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR

44869, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted.

581 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.303

§ 61.301 What is the purpose of this

subpart and to whom does it apply?

(a) This subpart prescribes the fol-

lowing requirements that apply to a sport pilot certificate:

(1) Eligibility. (2) Aeronautical knowledge. (3) Flight proficiency. (4) Aeronautical experience. (5) Endorsements. (6) Privileges and limits. (b) Other provisions of this part

apply to the logging of flight time and testing.

for, and holders of, sport pilot certifi-cates. It also applies to holders of rec-reational pilot certificates and higher, as provided in §61.303.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27,

2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] § 61.303 If I want to operate a light-

sport aircraft, what operating limits and endorsement requirements in this subpart must I comply with?

(a) Use the following table to deter-

mine what operating limits and en-dorsement requirements in this sub-part, if any, apply to you when you op-erate a light-sport aircraft. The med-ical certificate specified in this table must be in compliance with §61.2 in re-gards to currency and validity. If you hold a recreational pilot certificate, but not a medical certificate, you must

comply with cross country require-ments in §61.101 (c), even if your flight does not exceed 50 nautical miles from your departure airport. You must also comply with requirements in other subparts of this part that apply to your certificate and the operation you con-duct.

If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And

(1) A medical certificate ........... (i) A sport pilot certificate, ...... (A) Any light-sport aircraft for

which you hold the en-dorsements required for its category and class (1) You must hold any other

endorsements required by this subpart, and comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

(ii) At least a recreational pilot

certificate with a category and class rating, (A) Any light-sport aircraft in

that category and class, (1) You do not have to hold

any of the endorsements required by this subpart, nor do you have to comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

(iii) At least a recreational

pilot certificate but not a rating for the category and class of light sport aircraft you operate, (A) That light-sport aircraft,

only if you hold the en-dorsements required in § 61.321 for its category and class, (1) You must comply with the

limitations in § 61.315, ex-cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if a private pilot or higher, § 61.315(c)(7).

(2) Only a U.S. driver’s license (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport aircraft for

which you hold the en-dorsements required for its category and class. (1) You must hold any other

endorsements required by this subpart, and comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

(ii) At least a recreational pilot

certificate with a category and class rating, (A) Any light-sport aircraft in

that category and class, (1) You do not have to hold

any of the endorsements required by this subpart, but you must comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

(iii) At least a recreational

pilot certificate but not a rating for the category and class of light-sport aircraft you operate, (A) That light-sport aircraft,

only if you hold the en-dorsements required in § 61.321 for its category and class, (1) You must comply with the

limitations in § 61.315, ex-cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if a private pilot or higher, § 61.315(c)(7).

(3) Neither a medical certificate

nor a U.S. driver’s license (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport glider or

balloon for which you hold the endorsements required for its category and class (1) You must hold any other

endorsements required by this subpart, and comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

(ii) At least a private pilot cer-

tificate with a category and class rating for glider or balloon, (A) Any light-sport glider or

balloon in that category and class (1) You do not have to hold

any of the endorsements required by this subpart, nor do you have to comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

582 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.305

If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And

(iii) At least a private pilot cer-

tificate but not a rating for glider or balloon, (A) Any light-sport glider or

balloon, only if you hold the endorsements required in § 61.321 for its category and class (1) You must comply with the

limitations in § 61.315, ex-cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if a private pilot or higher, § 61.315(c)(7).

(b) A person using a U.S. driver’s li-

cense to meet the requirements of this paragraph must—

(1) Comply with each restriction and

limitation imposed by that person’s U.S. driver’s license and any judicial or administrative order applying to the operation of a motor vehicle;

(2) Have been found eligible for the

issuance of at least a third-class air-man medical certificate at the time of his or her most recent application (if the person has applied for a medical certificate);

(3) Not have had his or her most re-

cently issued medical certificate (if the person has held a medical certificate) suspended or revoked or most recent Authorization for a Special Issuance of a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and

(4) Not know or have reason to know

of any medical condition that would make that person unable to operate a light-sport aircraft in a safe manner.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27,

2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]

§ 61.305 What are the age and lan-

guage requirements for a sport pilot certificate?

(a) To be eligible for a sport pilot cer-

tificate you must:

(1) Be at least 17 years old (or 16

years old if you are applying to operate a glider or balloon).

(2) Be able to read, speak, write, and

understand English. If you cannot read, speak, write, and understand English because of medical reasons, the FAA may place limits on your certificate as are necessary for the safe operation of light-sport aircraft.

§ 61.307 What tests do I have to take to

obtain a sport pilot certificate?

To obtain a sport pilot certificate,

you must pass the following tests:

(a) Knowledge test. You must pass a

knowledge test on the applicable aero-nautical knowledge areas listed in

§61.309. Before you may take the knowledge test for a sport pilot certifi-cate, you must receive a logbook en-dorsement from the authorized instruc-tor who trained you or reviewed and evaluated your home-study course on the aeronautical knowledge areas list-ed in §61.309 certifying you are pre-pared for the test.

(b) Practical test. You must pass a

practical test on the applicable areas of operation listed in §§61.309 and 61.311. Before you may take the prac-tical test for a sport pilot certificate, you must receive a logbook endorse-ment from the authorized instructor who provided you with flight training on the areas of operation specified in §§61.309 and 61.311 in preparation for the practical test. This endorsement certifies that you meet the applicable aeronautical knowledge and experience requirements and are prepared for the practical test.

§ 61.309 What aeronautical knowledge

must I have to apply for a sport pilot certificate?

To apply for a sport pilot certificate

you must receive and log ground train-ing from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the following aeronautical knowledge areas:

(a) Applicable regulations of this

chapter that relate to sport pilot privi-leges, limits, and flight operations.

(b) Accident reporting requirements

of the National Transportation Safety Board.

the aeronautical information manual and FAA advisory circulars.

(d) Use of aeronautical charts for

VFR navigation using pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems, as appropriate.

(e) Recognition of critical weather

situations from the ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the

583 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.313

procurement and use of aeronautical

weather reports and forecasts.

(f) Safe and efficient operation of air-

craft, including collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence.

(g) Effects of density altitude on

takeoff and climb performance.

(h) Weight and balance computa-

tions.

(i) Principles of aerodynamics, pow-

erplants, and aircraft systems.

(j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins,

and spin recovery techniques, as appli-cable.

(k) Aeronautical decision making

and risk management.

(l) Preflight actions that include— (1) How to get information on runway

lengths at airports of intended use, data on takeoff and landing distances, weather reports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; and

(2) How to plan for alternatives if the

planned flight cannot be completed or if you encounter delays.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27,

2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]

§ 61.311 What flight proficiency re-

quirements must I meet to apply for a sport pilot certificate?

To apply for a sport pilot certificate

you must receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized in-structor on the following areas of oper-ation, as appropriate, for airplane sin-

gle-engine land or sea, glider, gyro-plane, airship, balloon, powered para-chute land or sea, and weight-shift-con-trol aircraft land or sea privileges:

(a) Preflight preparation. (b) Preflight procedures. (c) Airport, seaplane base, and

gliderport operations, as applicable.

(d) Takeoffs (or launches), landings,

and go-arounds.

(e) Performance maneuvers, and for

gliders, performance speeds.

(f) Ground reference maneuvers (not

applicable to gliders and balloons).

(g) Soaring techniques (applicable

only to gliders).

(h) Navigation. (i) Slow flight (not applicable to

lighter-than-air aircraft and powered parachutes).

(j) Stalls (not applicable to lighter-

than-air aircraft, gyroplanes, and pow-ered parachutes).

(k) Emergency operations. (l) Post-flight procedures.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27,

2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]

§ 61.313 What aeronautical experience

must I have to apply for a sport pilot certificate?

Use the following table to determine

the aeronautical experience you must have to apply for a sport pilot certifi-cate:

If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi-

cate with . . . Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

(a) Airplane category and single-engine

land or sea class privileges, (1) 20 hours of flight time, including at

least 15 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor in a single-engine airplane and at least 5 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.311, (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,

(ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at least 75 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis-tance of at least 25 nautical miles be-tween the takeoff and landing loca-tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(b) Glider category privileges, and you

have not logged at least 20 hours of flight time in a heavier-than-air aircraft, (1) 10 hours of flight time in a glider, in-

cluding 10 flights in a glider receiving flight training from an authorized in-structor and at least 2 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.311, (i) Five solo launches and landings, and

(ii) at least 3 training flights with an au-thorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in prep-aration for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

584 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.313

If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi-

cate with . . . Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

have logged 20 hours flight time in a heavier-than-air aircraft, (1) 3 hours of flight time in a glider, in-

cluding five flights in a glider while re-ceiving flight training from an author-ized instructor and at least 1 hour of solo flight training in the areas of oper-ation listed in § 61.311, (i) Three solo launches and landings,

and (ii) at least 3 training flights with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(d) Rotorcraft category and gyroplane

class privileges, (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15

hours of flight training from an author-ized instructor in a gyroplane and at least 5 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.311, (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,

(ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at least 50 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis-tance of at least 25 nautical miles be-tween the takeoff and landing loca-tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(e) Lighter-than-air category and airship

class privileges, (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15

hours of flight training from an author-ized instructor in an airship and at least 3 hours performing the duties of pilot in command in an airship with an authorized instructor in the areas of operation listed in § 61.311, (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,

(ii) Three takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iii) One cross-country flight of at least 25 nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized in-structor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(f) Lighter-than-air category and balloon

class privileges, (1) 7 hours of flight time in a balloon, in-

cluding three flights with an authorized instructor and one flight performing the duties of pilot in command in a balloon with an authorized instructor in the areas of operation listed in § 61.311, (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,

and (ii) 1 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(g) Powered parachute category land or

sea class privileges, (1) 12 hours of flight time in a powered

parachute, including 10 hours of flight training from an authorized instructor in a powered parachute, and at least 2 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.311 (i) 1 hour of cross-country flight training,

(ii) 20 takeoffs and landings to a full stop in a powered parachute with each landing involving flight in the traffic pat-tern at an airport; (iii) 10 solo takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iv) One solo flight with a landing at a different air-port and one segment of the flight con-sisting of a straight-line distance of at least 10 nautical miles between takeoff and landing locations, and (v) 1 hours of flight training with an authorized in-structor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

585 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.315

If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi-

cate with . . . Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

(h) Weight-shift-control aircraft category

land or sea class privileges, (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15

hours of flight training from an author-ized instructor in a weight-shift-control aircraft and at least 5 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in § 61.311, (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,

(ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at least 50 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis-tance of at least 25 nautical miles be-tween takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, 2009;

Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket FAA–2022–1355, Amdt. 61–151, 87 FR 75845, Dec. 9, 2022]

§ 61.315 What are the privileges and

limits of my sport pilot certificate?

(a) If you hold a sport pilot certifi-

cate you may act as pilot in command of a light-sport aircraft, except as spec-ified in paragraph (c) of this section.

(b) You may share the operating ex-

penses of a flight with a passenger, pro-vided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental fees. You must pay at least half the op-erating expenses of the flight.

mand of a light-sport aircraft:

(1) That is carrying a passenger or

property for compensation or hire.

(2) For compensation or hire. (3) In furtherance of a business. (4) While carrying more than one pas-

senger.

(5) At night. (6) In Class A airspace. (7) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at

an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational con-trol tower unless you have met the re-quirements specified in §61.325.

(8) Outside the United States, unless

you have prior authorization from the country in which you seek to operate. Your sport pilot certificate carries the limit ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO re-quirements.’’

(9) To demonstrate the aircraft in

flight to a prospective buyer if you are an aircraft salesperson. (10) In a passenger-carrying airlift

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