14 CFR Part 001 - Definitions and Abbreviations

5 SUBCHAPTER A—DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL

REQUIREMENTS

PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND

ABBREVIATIONS

Sec.

1.1 General definitions. 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols. 1.3 Rules of construction.

A

UTHORITY : 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 40113, 44701.

§ 1.1 General definitions.

As used in Subchapters A through K

of this chapter, unless the context re-quires otherwise:

Administrator means the Federal

Aviation Administrator or any person to whom he has delegated his authority in the matter concerned.

Aerodynamic coefficients means non-

dimensional coefficients for aero-dynamic forces and moments.

Air carrier means a person who under-

takes directly by lease, or other ar-rangement, to engage in air transpor-tation.

Air commerce means interstate, over-

seas, or foreign air commerce or the transportation of mail by aircraft or any operation or navigation of aircraft within the limits of any Federal airway or any operation or navigation of air-craft which directly affects, or which may endanger safety in, interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce.

Aircraft means a device that is used

or intended to be used for flight in the air.

Aircraft engine means an engine that

is used or intended to be used for pro-pelling aircraft. It includes turbo-superchargers, appurtenances, and ac-cessories necessary for its functioning, but does not include propellers.

Airframe means the fuselage, booms,

nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil sur-faces (including rotors but excluding propellers and rotating airfoils of en-gines), and landing gear of an aircraft and their accessories and controls.

Airplane means an engine-driven

fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, that is supported in flight by the dy-namic reaction of the air against its wings. Airport means an area of land or

water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of air-craft, and includes its buildings and fa-cilities, if any.

Airship means an engine-driven light-

er-than-air aircraft that can be steered.

Air traffic means aircraft operating in

the air or on an airport surface, exclu-sive of loading ramps and parking areas.

Air traffic clearance means an author-

ization by air traffic control, for the purpose of preventing collision between known aircraft, for an aircraft to pro-ceed under specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace.

Air traffic control means a service op-

erated by appropriate authority to pro-mote the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic.

Air Traffic Service (ATS) route is a

specified route designated for chan-neling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. The term ‘‘ATS route’’ refers to a vari-ety of airways, including jet routes, area navigation (RNAV) routes, and ar-rival and departure routes. An ATS route is defined by route specifications, which may include:

(1) An ATS route designator; (2) The path to or from significant

points;

(3) Distance between significant

points;

(4) Reporting requirements; and (5) The lowest safe altitude deter-

mined by the appropriate authority.

Air transportation means interstate,

overseas, or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail by air-craft.

Alert Area. An alert area is estab-

lished to inform pilots of a specific area wherein a high volume of pilot training or an unusual type of aero-nautical activity is conducted.

Alternate airport means an airport at

which an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airport becomes inad-visable.

Altitude engine means a reciprocating

aircraft engine having a rated takeoff

6 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1

power that is producible from sea level

to an established higher altitude.

Amateur rocket means an unmanned

rocket that:

(1) Is propelled by a motor or motors

having a combined total impulse of 889,600 Newton-seconds (200,000 pound- seconds) or less; and

(2) Cannot reach an altitude greater

than 150 kilometers (93.2 statute miles) above the earth’s surface.

Appliance means any instrument,

mechanism, equipment, part, appa-ratus, appurtenance, or accessory, in-cluding communications equipment, that is used or intended to be used in operating or controlling an aircraft in flight, is installed in or attached to the aircraft, and is not part of an airframe, engine, or propeller.

Approved , unless used with reference

to another person, means approved by the FAA or any person to whom the FAA has delegated its authority in the matter concerned, or approved under the provisions of a bilateral agreement between the United States and a for-eign country or jurisdiction.

Area navigation (RNAV) is a method

of navigation that permits aircraft op-erations on any desired flight path.

Area navigation (RNAV) route is an

ATS route based on RNAV that can be used by suitably equipped aircraft.

Armed Forces means the Army, Navy,

Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, including their regular and re-serve components and members serving without component status.

Autorotation means a rotorcraft flight

condition in which the lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the rotorcraft is in motion.

Auxiliary rotor means a rotor that

serves either to counteract the effect of the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft or to maneuver the rotorcraft about one or more of its three principal axes.

Balloon means a lighter-than-air air-

craft that is not engine driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater.

Brake horsepower means the power de-

livered at the propeller shaft (main drive or main output) of an aircraft en-gine.

Calibrated airspeed means the indi-

cated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error. Cali-

brated airspeed is equal to true air-speed in standard atmosphere at sea level.

Canard means the forward wing of a

canard configuration and may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control sur-faces.

Canard configuration means a configu-

ration in which the span of the forward wing is substantially less than that of the main wing.

Category: (1) As used with respect to the cer-

tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-tations of airmen, means a broad clas-sification of aircraft. Examples in-clude: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and lighter-than-air; and

(2) As used with respect to the cer-

tification of aircraft, means a grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or operating limitations. Examples in-

clude: transport, normal, utility, acro-batic, limited, restricted, and provi-sional.

Category A, with respect to transport

category rotorcraft, means multien-gine rotorcraft designed with engine and system isolation features specified in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled take-off and landing operations under a crit-ical engine failure concept which assures adequate designated surface area and adequate performance capa-bility for continued safe flight in the event of engine failure.

Category B, with respect to transport

category rotorcraft, means single-en-gine or multiengine rotorcraft which do not fully meet all Category A stand-ards. Category B rotorcraft have no guaranteed stay-up ability in the event of engine failure and unscheduled land-ing is assumed.

Category II operations, with respect to

the operation of aircraft, means a straight-in ILS approach to the runway of an airport under a Category II ILS instrument approach procedure issued by the Administrator or other appro-priate authority.

Category III operations, with respect

to the operation of aircraft, means an ILS approach to, and landing on, the runway of an airport using a Category III ILS instrument approach procedure

7 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1

issued by the Administrator or other

appropriate authority.

Ceiling means the height above the

earth’s surface of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena that is reported as ‘‘broken’’, ‘‘overcast’’, or ‘‘obscuration’’, and not classified as ‘‘thin’’ or ‘‘partial’’.

Civil aircraft means aircraft other

than public aircraft.

Class: (1) As used with respect to the cer-

tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-tations of airmen, means a classifica-tion of aircraft within a category hav-ing similar operating characteristics. Examples include: single engine; multi-engine; land; water; gyroplane; heli-copter; airship; and free balloon; and

(2) As used with respect to the cer-

tification of aircraft, means a broad grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing. Examples include: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane; and seaplane.

Clearway means:

(1) For turbine engine powered air-

planes certificated after August 29, 1959, an area beyond the runway, not less than 500 feet wide, centrally lo-cated about the extended centerline of the runway, and under the control of the airport authorities. The clearway is expressed in terms of a clearway plane, extending from the end of the runway with an upward slope not ex-ceeding 1.25 percent, above which no object nor any terrain protrudes. How-ever, threshold lights may protrude above the plane if their height above the end of the runway is 26 inches or less and if they are located to each side of the runway.

(2) For turbine engine powered air-

planes certificated after September 30, 1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area beyond the takeoff runway extending no less than 300 feet on either side of the extended centerline of the runway, at an elevation no higher than the ele-vation of the end of the runway, clear of all fixed obstacles, and under the control of the airport authorities.

Climbout speed, with respect to rotor-

craft, means a referenced airspeed which results in a flight path clear of the height-velocity envelope during initial climbout. Commercial operator means a person

who, for compensation or hire, engages in the carriage by aircraft in air com-merce of persons or property, other than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the authority of Part 375 of this title. Where it is doubtful that an operation is for ‘‘compensation or hire’’, the test applied is whether the carriage by air is merely incidental to the person’s other business or is, in itself, a major enterprise for profit.

Configuration, Maintenance, and Pro-

cedures (CMP) document means a docu-

ment approved by the FAA that con-tains minimum configuration, oper-ating, and maintenance requirements, hardware life-limits, and Master Min-imum Equipment List (MMEL) con-straints necessary for an airplane-en-gine combination to meet ETOPS type design approval requirements.

Consensus standard means, for the

purpose of certificating light-sport air-craft, an industry-developed consensus standard that applies to aircraft de-sign, production, and airworthiness. It includes, but is not limited to, stand-ards for aircraft design and perform-ance, required equipment, manufac-turer quality assurance systems, pro-duction acceptance test procedures, op-erating instructions, maintenance and inspection procedures, identification and recording of major repairs and major alterations, and continued air-worthiness.

Controlled airspace means an airspace

of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flights in ac-cordance with the airspace classifica-tion.

NOTE: Controlled airspace is a generic term

that covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E airspace.

Controlled Firing Area. A controlled

firing area is established to contain ac-tivities, which if not conducted in a controlled environment, would be haz-ardous to nonparticipating aircraft.

Crewmember means a person assigned

to perform duty in an aircraft during

flight time.

Critical altitude means the maximum

altitude at which, in standard atmos-phere, it is possible to maintain, at a specified rotational speed, a specified power or a specified manifold pressure.

8 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1

Unless otherwise stated, the critical al-

titude is the maximum altitude at which it is possible to maintain, at the maximum continuous rotational speed, one of the following:

(1) The maximum continuous power,

in the case of engines for which this power rating is the same at sea level and at the rated altitude.

(2) The maximum continuous rated

manifold pressure, in the case of en-gines, the maximum continuous power of which is governed by a constant manifold pressure.

Critical engine means the engine

whose failure would most adversely af-fect the performance or handling quali-ties of an aircraft.

Decision altitude (DA) is a specified al-

titude in an instrument approach pro-cedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual reference, or to continue the approach. Decision alti-tude is expressed in feet above mean sea level.

Decision height (DH) is a specified

height above the ground in an instru-ment approach procedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot does not see the required visual reference, or to continue the approach. Decision height is expressed in feet above ground level.

Early ETOPS means ETOPS type de-

sign approval obtained without gaining non-ETOPS service experience on the candidate airplane-engine combination certified for ETOPS.

EFVS operation means an operation in

which visibility conditions require an EFVS to be used in lieu of natural vi-sion to perform an approach or landing, determine enhanced flight visibility, identify required visual references, or conduct a rollout.

Enhanced flight visibility (EFV) means

the average forward horizontal dis-tance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent topo-graphical objects may be clearly dis-tinguished and identified by day or night by a pilot using an enhanced flight vision system.

Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS)

means an installed aircraft system which uses an electronic means to pro-vide a display of the forward external

scene topography (the natural or man-made features of a place or region espe-cially in a way to show their relative positions and elevation) through the use of imaging sensors, including but not limited to forward-looking infra-red, millimeter wave radiometry, milli-meter wave radar, or low-light level image intensification. An EFVS in-cludes the display element, sensors, computers and power supplies, indica-tions, and controls.

Equivalent airspeed means the cali-

brated airspeed of an aircraft corrected for adiabatic compressible flow for the particular altitude. Equivalent air-speed is equal to calibrated airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.

ETOPS Significant System means an

airplane system, including the propul-sion system, the failure or malfunc-tioning of which could adversely affect the safety of an ETOPS flight, or the continued safe flight and landing of an airplane during an ETOPS diversion. Each ETOPS significant system is ei-ther an ETOPS group 1 significant sys-tem or an ETOPS group 2 significant system.

(1) An ETOPS group 1 Significant

System—

(i) Has fail-safe characteristics di-

rectly linked to the degree of redun-dancy provided by the number of en-gines on the airplane.

(ii) Is a system, the failure or mal-

function of which could result in an IFSD, loss of thrust control, or other power loss.

(iii) Contributes significantly to the

safety of an ETOPS diversion by pro-viding additional redundancy for any system power source lost as a result of an inoperative engine.

(iv) Is essential for prolonged oper-

ation of an airplane at engine inoper-ative altitudes.

(2) An ETOPS group 2 significant sys-

tem is an ETOPS significant system that is not an ETOPS group 1 signifi-cant system.

Extended Operations (ETOPS) means

an airplane flight operation, other than an all-cargo operation in an airplane with more than two engines, during

9 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1

which a portion of the flight is con-

ducted beyond a time threshold identi-fied in part 121 or part 135 of this chap-ter that is determined using an ap-proved one-engine-inoperative cruise speed under standard atmospheric con-ditions in still air.

Extended over-water operation means—

(1) With respect to aircraft other

than helicopters, an operation over water at a horizontal distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline; and

(2) With respect to helicopters, an op-

eration over water at a horizontal dis-tance of more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shoreline and more than 50 nautical miles from an off- shore heliport structure.

External load means a load that is

carried, or extends, outside of the air-craft fuselage.

External-load attaching means means

the structural components used to at-tach an external load to an aircraft, in-cluding external-load containers, the backup structure at the attachment points, and any quick-release device used to jettison the external load.

Final approach fix (FAF) defines the

beginning of the final approach seg-ment and the point where final seg-ment descent may begin.

Final takeoff speed means the speed of

the airplane that exists at the end of the takeoff path in the en route con-figuration with one engine inoperative.

Fireproof —

(1) With respect to materials and

parts used to confine fire in a des-ignated fire zone, means the capacity to withstand at least as well as steel in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used, the heat pro-duced when there is a severe fire of ex-tended duration in that zone; and

(2) With respect to other materials

and parts, means the capacity to with-stand the heat associated with fire at least as well as steel in dimensions ap-propriate for the purpose for which they are used.

Fire resistant —

(1) With respect to sheet or struc-

tural members means the capacity to withstand the heat associated with fire at least as well as aluminum alloy in dimensions appropriate for the purpose for which they are used; and (2) With respect to fluid-carrying

lines, fluid system parts, wiring, air ducts, fittings, and powerplant con-trols, means the capacity to perform the intended functions under the heat and other conditions likely to occur when there is a fire at the place con-cerned.

Flame resistant means not susceptible

to combustion to the point of propa-gating a flame, beyond safe limits, after the ignition source is removed.

Flammable, with respect to a fluid or

gas, means susceptible to igniting read-ily or to exploding.

Flap extended speed means the highest

speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position.

Flash resistant means not susceptible

to burning violently when ignited.

Flightcrew member means a pilot,

flight engineer, or flight navigator as-signed to duty in an aircraft during flight time.

Flight level means a level of constant

atmospheric pressure related to a ref-erence datum of 29.92 inches of mer-cury. Each is stated in three digits that represent hundreds of feet. For ex-ample, flight level 250 represents a bar-ometric altimeter indication of 25,000 feet; flight level 255, an indication of 25,500 feet.

Flight plan means specified informa-

tion, relating to the intended flight of an aircraft, that is filed orally or in writing with air traffic control.

Flight simulation training device

(FSTD) means a full flight simulator or

a flight training device.

Flight time means:

(1) Pilot time that commences when

an aircraft moves under its own power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to rest after land-ing; or

(2) For a glider without self-launch

capability, pilot time that commences when the glider is towed for the pur-pose of flight and ends when the glider comes to rest after landing.

Flight training device (FTD) means a

replica of aircraft instruments, equip-ment, panels, and controls in an open flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft cockpit replica. It includes the equip-ment and computer programs nec-essary to represent aircraft (or set of aircraft) operations in ground and

10 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1

flight conditions having the full range

of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in part 60 of this chapter and the qualification per-formance standard (QPS) for a specific FTD qualification level.

Flight visibility means the average for-

ward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night.

Foreign air carrier means any person

other than a citizen of the United States, who undertakes directly, by lease or other arrangement, to engage in air transportation.

Foreign air commerce means the car-

riage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the car-riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper-ation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in the United States and any place out-side thereof; whether such commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transportation.

Foreign air transportation means the

carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-erty as a common carrier for com-pensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce between a place in the United States and any place outside of the United States, whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transpor-tation.

Forward wing means a forward lifting

surface of a canard configuration or tandem-wing configuration airplane. The surface may be a fixed, movable, or variable geometry surface, with or without control surfaces.

Full flight simulator (FFS) means a

replica of a specific type; or make, model, and series aircraft cockpit. It includes the assemblage of equipment and computer programs necessary to represent aircraft operations in ground and flight conditions, a visual system providing an out-of-the-cockpit view, a system that provides cues at least equivalent to those of a three-degree- of-freedom motion system, and has the full range of capabilities of the systems installed in the device as described in

part 60 of this chapter and the quali-fication performance standards (QPS)

for a specific FFS qualification level.

Glider means a heavier-than-air air-

craft, that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces and whose free flight does not depend principally on an en-gine.

Ground visibility means prevailing

horizontal visibility near the earth’s surface as reported by the United States National Weather Service or an accredited observer.

Go-around power or thrust setting

means the maximum allowable in- flight power or thrust setting identi-fied in the performance data.

Gyrodyne means a rotorcraft whose

rotors are normally engine-driven for takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for forward flight through part of its speed range, and whose means of propulsion, consisting usually of conventional pro-pellers, is independent of the rotor sys-tem.

Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose

rotors are not engine-driven, except for initial starting, but are made to rotate by action of the air when the rotorcraft is moving; and whose means of propul-sion, consisting usually of conven-tional propellers, is independent of the rotor system.

Helicopter means a rotorcraft that,

for its horizontal motion, depends prin-cipally on its engine-driven rotors.

Heliport means an area of land, water,

or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of heli-copters.

Idle thrust means the jet thrust ob-

tained with the engine power control level set at the stop for the least thrust position at which it can be placed.

IFR conditions means weather condi-

tions below the minimum for flight under visual flight rules.

IFR over-the-top, with respect to the

operation of aircraft, means the oper-ation of an aircraft over-the-top on an IFR flight plan when cleared by air traffic control to maintain ‘‘VFR con-ditions’’ or ‘‘VFR conditions on top’’.

Indicated airspeed means the speed of

an aircraft as shown on its pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect

11 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1

standard atmosphere adiabatic com-

pressible flow at sea level uncorrected for airspeed system errors.

In-flight shutdown (IFSD) means, for

ETOPS only, when an engine ceases to function (when the airplane is air-borne) and is shutdown, whether self induced, flightcrew initiated or caused by an external influence. The FAA con-siders IFSD for all causes: for example, flameout, internal failure, flightcrew initiated shutdown, foreign object in-gestion, icing, inability to obtain or control desired thrust or power, and cycling of the start control, however briefly, even if the engine operates nor-mally for the remainder of the flight. This definition excludes the airborne cessation of the functioning of an en-gine when immediately followed by an automatic engine relight and when an engine does not achieve desired thrust or power but is not shutdown.

Instrument means a device using an

internal mechanism to show visually or aurally the attitude, altitude, or op-eration of an aircraft or aircraft part. It includes electronic devices for auto-matically controlling an aircraft in flight.

Instrument approach procedure (IAP) is

a series of predetermined maneuvers by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles and assurance of navigation signal recep-tion capability. It begins from the ini-tial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point:

(1) From which a landing can be com-

pleted; or

(2) If a landing is not completed, to a

position at which holding or en route obstacle clearance criteria apply.

Interstate air commerce means the car-

riage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the car-riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper-ation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place in any State of the United States, or the District of Columbia, and a place in any other State of the United States, or the District of Columbia; or between places in the same State of the United States through the airspace over any place outside thereof; or between places in the same territory or posses-sion of the United States, or the Dis-

trict of Columbia.

Interstate air transportation means the

carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-erty as a common carrier for com-pensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft in commerce:

(1) Between a place in a State or the

District of Columbia and another place in another State or the District of Co-lumbia;

(2) Between places in the same State

through the airspace over any place outside that State; or

(3) Between places in the same pos-

session of the United States;

Whether that commerce moves wholly

by aircraft of partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transpor-tation.

Intrastate air transportation means the

carriage of persons or property as a common carrier for compensation or hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft capa-ble of carrying thirty or more persons, wholly within the same State of the United States.

Kite means a framework, covered

with paper, cloth, metal, or other ma-terial, intended to be flown at the end of a rope or cable, and having as its only support the force of the wind mov-ing past its surfaces.

Landing gear extended speed means

the maximum speed at which an air-craft can be safely flown with the land-ing gear extended.

Landing gear operating speed means

the maximum speed at which the land-ing gear can be safely extended or re-tracted.

Large aircraft means aircraft of more

than 12,500 pounds, maximum certifi-cated takeoff weight.

Light-sport aircraft means an aircraft,

other than a helicopter or powered-lift that, since its original certification, has continued to meet the following:

(1) A maximum takeoff weight of not

more than—

(i) 1,320 pounds (600 kilograms) for

aircraft not intended for operation on water; or

(ii) 1,430 pounds (650 kilograms) for

an aircraft intended for operation on water.

(2) A maximum airspeed in level

flight with maximum continuous power (V

H) of not more than 120 knots CAS

12 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1

under standard atmospheric conditions

at sea level.

(3) A maximum never-exceed speed

(VNE) of not more than 120 knots CAS

for a glider.

(4) A maximum stalling speed or min-

imum steady flight speed without the use of lift-enhancing devices (V

S1) of

not more than 45 knots CAS at the air-craft’s maximum certificated takeoff weight and most critical center of gravity.

(5) A maximum seating capacity of

no more than two persons, including the pilot.

(6) A single, reciprocating engine, if

powered.

(7) A fixed or ground-adjustable pro-

peller if a powered aircraft other than a powered glider.

(8) A fixed or feathering propeller

system if a powered glider.

(9) A fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, tee-

tering, two-blade rotor system, if a gy-roplane.

(10) A nonpressurized cabin, if

equipped with a cabin.

(11) Fixed landing gear, except for an

aircraft intended for operation on water or a glider.

(12) Fixed or retractable landing

gear, or a hull, for an aircraft intended for operation on water.

(13) Fixed or retractable landing gear

for a glider.

Lighter-than-air aircraft means air-

craft that can rise and remain sus-pended by using contained gas weigh-ing less than the air that is displaced by the gas.

Load factor means the ratio of a spec-

ified load to the total weight of the air-craft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aero-dynamic forces, inertia forces, or ground or water reactions.

Long-range communication system

(LRCS). A system that uses satellite

relay, data link, high frequency, or an-other approved communication system which extends beyond line of sight.

Long-range navigation system (LRNS).

An electronic navigation unit that is approved for use under instrument flight rules as a primary means of navi-gation, and has at least one source of navigational input, such as inertial navigation system or global posi-tioning system. Mach number means the ratio of true

airspeed to the speed of sound.

Main rotor means the rotor that sup-

plies the principal lift to a rotorcraft.

Maintenance means inspection, over-

haul, repair, preservation, and the re-placement of parts, but excludes pre-ventive maintenance.

Major alteration means an alteration

not listed in the aircraft, aircraft en-gine, or propeller specifications—

(1) That might appreciably affect

weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or other quali-ties affecting airworthiness; or

(2) That is not done according to ac-

cepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations.

Major repair means a repair:

(1) That, if improperly done, might

appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, pow-erplant operation, flight characteris-tics, or other qualities affecting air-worthiness; or

(2) That is not done according to ac-

cepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations.

Manifold pressure means absolute

pressure as measured at the appro-priate point in the induction system and usually expressed in inches of mer-cury.

Maximum engine overtorque , as it ap-

plies to turbopropeller and turboshaft engines incorporating free power tur-bines for all ratings except one engine inoperative (OEI) ratings of two min-utes or less, means the maximum torque of the free power turbine rotor assembly, the inadvertent occurrence of which, for periods of up to 20 sec-onds, will not require rejection of the engine from service, or any mainte-nance action other than to correct the cause.

Maximum speed for stability character-

istics, V

FC/MFCmeans a speed that may

not be less than a speed midway be-tween maximum operating limit speed (V

MO/MMO) and demonstrated flight div-

ing speed (V DF/MDF), except that, for al-

titudes where the Mach number is the limiting factor, M

FCneed not exceed

the Mach number at which effective speed warning occurs.

13 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1

Medical certificate means acceptable

evidence of physical fitness on a form prescribed by the Administrator.

Military operations area. A military

operations area (MOA) is airspace es-tablished outside Class A airspace to separate or segregate certain nonhaz-ardous military activities from IFR Traffic and to identify for VFR traffic where theses activities are conducted.

Minimum descent altitude (MDA) is the

lowest altitude specified in an instru-ment approach procedure, expressed in feet above mean sea level, to which de-scent is authorized on final approach or during circle-to-land maneuvering until the pilot sees the required visual references for the heliport or runway of intended landing.

Minor alteration means an alteration

other than a major alteration.

Minor repair means a repair other

than a major repair.

National defense airspace means air-

space established by a regulation pre-scribed, or an order issued under, 49 U.S.C. 40103(b)(3).

Navigable airspace means airspace at

and above the minimum flight alti-tudes prescribed by or under this chap-ter, including airspace needed for safe takeoff and landing.

Night means the time between the

end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac, con-verted to local time.

Nonprecision approach procedure

means a standard instrument approach procedure in which no electronic glide slope is provided.

Operate, with respect to aircraft,

means use, cause to use or authorize to use aircraft, for the purpose (except as provided in §91.13 of this chapter) of air navigation including the piloting of aircraft, with or without the right of legal control (as owner, lessee, or oth-erwise).

Operational control, with respect to a

flight, means the exercise of authority over initiating, conducting or termi-nating a flight.

Overseas air commerce means the car-

riage by aircraft of persons or property for compensation or hire, or the car-riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper-ation or navigation of aircraft in the conduct or furtherance of a business or vocation, in commerce between a place

in any State of the United States, or the District of Columbia, and any place in a territory or possession of the United States; or between a place in a territory or possession of the United States, and a place in any other terri-tory or possession of the United States.

Overseas air transportation means the

carriage by aircraft of persons or prop-erty as a common carrier for com-pensation or hire, or the carriage of mail by aircraft, in commerce:

(1) Between a place in a State or the

District of Columbia and a place in a possession of the United States; or

(2) Between a place in a possession of

the United States and a place in an-other possession of the United States; whether that commerce moves wholly by aircraft or partly by aircraft and partly by other forms of transpor-tation.

Over-the-top means above the layer of

clouds or other obscuring phenomena forming the ceiling.

Parachute means a device used or in-

tended to be used to retard the fall of a body or object through the air.

Person means an individual, firm,

partnership, corporation, company, as-sociation, joint-stock association, or governmental entity. It includes a trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar representative of any of them.

Pilotage means navigation by visual

reference to landmarks.

Pilot in command means the person

who:

(1) Has final authority and responsi-

bility for the operation and safety of the flight;

(2) Has been designated as pilot in

command before or during the flight; and

(3) Holds the appropriate category,

class, and type rating, if appropriate, for the conduct of the flight.

Pitch setting means the propeller

blade setting as determined by the blade angle measured in a manner, and at a radius, specified by the instruction manual for the propeller.

Portable oxygen concentrator means a

medical device that separates oxygen from other gasses in ambient air and dispenses this concentrated oxygen to the user.

14 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1

Positive control means control of all

air traffic, within designated airspace, by air traffic control.

Powered parachute means a powered

aircraft comprised of a flexible or semi- rigid wing connected to a fuselage so that the wing is not in position for flight until the aircraft is in motion. The fuselage of a powered parachute contains the aircraft engine, a seat for each occupant and is attached to the aircraft’s landing gear.

Powered-lift means a heavier-than-air

aircraft capable of vertical takeoff, vertical landing, and low speed flight that depends principally on engine- driven lift devices or engine thrust for lift during these flight regimes and on nonrotating airfoil(s) for lift during horizontal flight.

Precision approach procedure means a

standard instrument approach proce-dure in which an electronic glide slope is provided, such as ILS and PAR.

Preventive maintenance means simple

or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations.

Prohibited area. A prohibited area is

airspace designated under part 73 with-in which no person may operate an air-craft without the permission of the using agency.

Propeller means a device for propel-

ling an aircraft that has blades on an engine-driven shaft and that, when ro-tated, produces by its action on the air, a thrust approximately perpendicular to its plane of rotation. It includes con-trol components normally supplied by its manufacturer, but does not include main and auxiliary rotors or rotating airfoils of engines.

Public aircraft means any of the fol-

lowing aircraft when not being used for a commercial purpose or to carry an individual other than a crewmember or qualified non-crewmenber:

(1) An aircraft used only for the

United States Government; an aircraft owned by the Government and operated by any person for purposes related to crew training, equipment development, or demonstration; an aircraft owned and operated by the government of a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States or a political subdivision of one of these governments; or an aircraft ex-

clusively leased for at least 90 contin-uous days by the government of a State, the District of Columbia, or a territory or possession of the United States or a political subdivision of one of these governments.

(i) For the sole purpose of deter-

mining public aircraft status, commer-

cial purposes means the transportation

of persons or property for compensa-tion or hire, but does not include the operation of an aircraft by the armed forces for reimbursement when that re-

imbursement is required by any Fed-eral statute, regulation, or directive, in effect on November 1, 1999, or by one government on behalf of another gov-ernment under a cost reimbursement agreement if the government on whose behalf the operation is conducted cer-tifies to the Administrator of the Fed-eral Aviation Administration that the operation is necessary to respond to a significant and imminent threat to life or property (including natural re-sources) and that no service by a pri-vate operator is reasonably available to meet the threat.

(ii) For the sole purpose of deter-

mining public aircraft status, govern-

mental function means an activity un-

dertaken by a government, such as na-tional defense, intelligence missions, firefighting, search and rescue, law en-forcement (including transport of pris-oners, detainees, and illegal aliens), aeronautical research, biological or ge-ological resource management (includ-ing data collection on civil aviation systems undergoing research, develop-ment, test, or evaluation at a test range (as such term is defined in 49 U.S.C. 44801)), infrastructure inspec-tions, or any other activity undertaken by a governmental entity that the Ad-ministrator determines is inherently governmental.

(iii) For the sole purpose of deter-

mining public aircraft status, qualified

non-crewmember means an individual,

other than a member of the crew, aboard an aircraft operated by the armed forces or an intelligence agency of the United States Government, or whose presence is required to perform, or is associated with the performance of, a governmental function.

15 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1

(2) An aircraft owned or operated by

the armed forces or chartered to pro-vide transportation to the armed forces if—

(i) The aircraft is operated in accord-

ance with title 10 of the United States Code;

(ii) The aircraft is operated in the

performance of a governmental func-tion under title 14, 31, 32, or 50 of the United States Code and the aircraft is not used for commercial purposes; or

(iii) The aircraft is chartered to pro-

vide transportation to the armed forces and the Secretary of Defense (or the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating) des-ignates the operation of the aircraft as being required in the national interest.

(3) An aircraft owned or operated by

the National Guard of a State, the Dis-trict of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United States, and that meets the criteria of paragraph (2) of this definition, qualifies as a public aircraft only to the extent that it is operated under the direct control of the Department of Defense.

Rated 30-second OEI Power , with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations estab-lished for the engine under part 33 of this chapter, for continuation of one flight operation after the failure or shutdown of one engine in multiengine rotorcraft, for up to three periods of use no longer than 30 seconds each in any one flight, and followed by manda-tory inspection and prescribed mainte-nance action.

Rated 2-minute OEI Power , with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations estab-

lished for the engine under part 33 of this chapter, for continuation of one flight operation after the failure or shutdown of one engine in multiengine rotorcraft, for up to three periods of use no longer than 2 minutes each in any one flight, and followed by manda-tory inspection and prescribed mainte-nance action. Rated continuous OEI power , with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations estab-lished for the engine under part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to the time required to complete the flight after the failure or shutdown of one en-gine of a multiengine rotorcraft.

Rated maximum continuous augmented

thrust, with respect to turbojet engine

type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, with fluid injec-tion or with the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations estab-lished under Part 33 of this chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.

Rated maximum continuous power,

with respect to reciprocating, turbo-propeller, and turboshaft engines, means the approved brake horsepower that is developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, within the engine operating limitations established under part 33, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.

Rated maximum continuous thrust,

with respect to turbojet engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically or in flight, in standard atmosphere at a specified altitude, without fluid injec-tion and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations estab-lished under part 33 of this chapter, and approved for unrestricted periods of use.

Rated takeoff augmented thrust, with

respect to turbojet engine type certifi-cation, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically under

standard sea level conditions, with fluid injection or with the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limita-tions established under part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff oper-ation.

16 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1

Rated takeoff power, with respect to

reciprocating, turbopropeller, and tur-boshaft engine type certification, means the approved brake horsepower that is developed statically under standard sea level conditions, within the engine operating limitations estab-lished under part 33, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.

Rated takeoff thrust, with respect to

turbojet engine type certification, means the approved jet thrust that is developed statically under standard sea level conditions, without fluid injec-tion and without the burning of fuel in a separate combustion chamber, within the engine operating limitations estab-lished under part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to periods of not over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.

Rated 30-minute OEI power , with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations estab-lished for the engine under part 33 of this chapter, and limited in use to one period of use no longer than 30 minutes after the failure or shutdown of one en-gine of a multiengine rotorcraft.

Rated 2

1⁄2-minute OEI power , with re-

spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, means the approved brake horsepower developed under static conditions at specified altitudes and temperatures within the operating limitations estab-

lished for the engine under part 33 of this chapter for periods of use no longer than 2

1⁄2minutes each after the

failure or shutdown of one engine of a multiengine rotorcraft.

Rating means a statement that, as a

part of a certificate, sets forth special conditions, privileges, or limitations.

Reference landing speed means the

speed of the airplane, in a specified landing configuration, at the point where it descends through the 50 foot height in the determination of the landing distance.

Reporting point means a geographical

location in relation to which the posi-tion of an aircraft is reported.

Restricted area. A restricted area is

airspace designated under Part 73 with-in which the flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to re-

striction.

Rocket means an aircraft propelled by

ejected expanding gases generated in the engine from self-contained propel-lants and not dependent on the intake of outside substances. It includes any part which becomes separated during the operation.

Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air

aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift generated by one or more rotors.

Rotorcraft-load combination means the

combination of a rotorcraft and an ex-ternal-load, including the external-load attaching means. Rotorcraft-load com-binations are designated as Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D, as fol-lows:

(1) Class A rotorcraft-load combination

means one in which the external load cannot move freely, cannot be jetti-soned, and does not extend below the landing gear.

(2) Class B rotorcraft-load combination

means one in which the external load is jettisonable and is lifted free of land or water during the rotorcraft operation.

(3) Class C rotorcraft-load combination

means one in which the external load is jettisonable and remains in contact with land or water during the rotor-craft operation.

(4) Class D rotorcraft-load combination

means one in which the external-load is other than a Class A, B, or C and has been specifically approved by the Ad-ministrator for that operation.

Route segment is a portion of a route

bounded on each end by a fix or naviga-tion aid (NAVAID).

Sea level engine means a reciprocating

aircraft engine having a rated takeoff power that is producible only at sea level.

Second in command means a pilot who

is designated to be second in command of an aircraft during flight time.

Show, unless the context otherwise

requires, means to show to the satis-faction of the Administrator.

Small aircraft means aircraft of 12,500

pounds or less, maximum certificated takeoff weight.

Small unmanned aircraft means an un-

manned aircraft weighing less than 55

17 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1

pounds on takeoff, including every-

thing that is on board or otherwise at-tached to the aircraft.

Small unmanned aircraft system (small

UAS) means a small unmanned aircraft

and its associated elements (including communication links and the compo-nents that control the small unmanned aircraft) that are required for the safe and efficient operation of the small un-manned aircraft in the national air-space system.

Special VFR conditions mean meteoro-

logical conditions that are less than those required for basic VFR flight in controlled airspace and in which some aircraft are permitted flight under vis-ual flight rules.

Special VFR operations means aircraft

operating in accordance with clear-ances within controlled airspace in me-teorological conditions less than the basic VFR weather minima. Such oper-ations must be requested by the pilot and approved by ATC.

Standard atmosphere means the at-

mosphere defined in U.S. Standard At-mosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude tables).

Stopway means an area beyond the

takeoff runway, no less wide than the runway and centered upon the ex-tended centerline of the runway, able to support the airplane during an aborted takeoff, without causing struc-tural damage to the airplane, and des-ignated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the airplane during an aborted takeoff.

Suitable RNAV system is an RNAV sys-

tem that meets the required perform-ance established for a type of oper-ation, e.g. IFR; and is suitable for oper-ation over the route to be flown in terms of any performance criteria (in-cluding accuracy) established by the air navigation service provider for cer-tain routes (e.g. oceanic, ATS routes, and IAPs). An RNAV system’s suit-

ability is dependent upon the avail-ability of ground and/or satellite navi-gation aids that are needed to meet any route performance criteria that may be prescribed in route specifica-tions to navigate the aircraft along the route to be flown. Information on suit-able RNAV systems is published in FAA guidance material. Supplemental restraint system means

any device that is not installed on the aircraft pursuant to an FAA approval, used to secure an individual inside an aircraft when that person is not prop-erly secured by an FAA-approved safe-ty belt and, if installed, shoulder har-ness, or an approved child restraint system. It consists of a harness secured around the torso of the individual using the supplemental restraint sys-tem and a lanyard that connects the harness to an FAA-approved airframe attachment point inside the aircraft.

Synthetic vision means a computer-

generated image of the external scene topography from the perspective of the flight deck that is derived from air-craft attitude, high-precision naviga-tion solution, and database of terrain, obstacles and relevant cultural fea-tures.

Synthetic vision system means an

electronic means to display a synthetic vision image of the external scene to-pography to the flight crew.

Takeoff power: (1) With respect to reciprocating en-

gines, means the brake horsepower that is developed under standard sea level conditions, and under the max-imum conditions of crankshaft rota-tional speed and engine manifold pres-sure approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in continuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification; and

(2) With respect to turbine engines,

means the brake horsepower that is de-veloped under static conditions at a specified altitude and atmospheric temperature, and under the maximum conditions of rotor shaft rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the normal takeoff, and limited in con-tinuous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification.

Takeoff safety speed means a ref-

erenced airspeed obtained after lift-off at which the required one-engine-inop-erative climb performance can be achieved.

Takeoff thrust, with respect to tur-

bine engines, means the jet thrust that is developed under static conditions at a specific altitude and atmospheric temperature under the maximum con-ditions of rotorshaft rotational speed and gas temperature approved for the

18 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1, Nt.

normal takeoff, and limited in contin-

uous use to the period of time shown in the approved engine specification.

Tandem wing configuration means a

configuration having two wings of similar span, mounted in tandem.

TCAS I means a TCAS that utilizes

interrogations of, and replies from, air-borne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories to the pilot.

TCAS II means a TCAS that utilizes

interrogations of, and replies from air-borne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories and resolu-tion advisories in the vertical plane.

TCAS III means a TCAS that utilizes

interrogation of, and replies from, air-borne radar beacon transponders and provides traffic advisories and resolu-tion advisories in the vertical and hori-zontal planes to the pilot.

Time in service, with respect to main-

tenance time records, means the time from the moment an aircraft leaves the surface of the earth until it touches it at the next point of landing.

Traffic pattern means the traffic flow

that is prescribed for aircraft landing at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an airport.

True airspeed means the airspeed of

an aircraft relative to undisturbed air. True airspeed is equal to equivalent airspeed multiplied by ( r0/r)

1⁄2.

Type: (1) As used with respect to the cer-

tification, ratings, privileges, and limi-tations of airmen, means a specific make and basic model of aircraft, in-cluding modifications thereto that do not change its handling or flight char-acteristics. Examples include: DC–7, 1049, and F–27; and

(2) As used with respect to the cer-

tification of aircraft, means those air-craft which are similar in design. Ex-amples include: DC–7 and DC–7C; 1049G and 1049H; and F–27 and F–27F.

(3) As used with respect to the cer-

tification of aircraft engines means those engines which are similar in de-sign. For example, JT8D and JT8D–7 are engines of the same type, and JT9D–3A and JT9D–7 are engines of the same type.

United States, in a geographical sense,

means (1) the States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the posses-sions, including the territorial waters,

and (2) the airspace of those areas.

United States air carrier means a cit-

izen of the United States who under-takes directly by lease, or other ar-rangement, to engage in air transpor-tation.

Unmanned aircraft means an aircraft

operated without the possibility of di-rect human intervention from within or on the aircraft.

Unmanned aircraft system means an

unmanned aircraft and its associated elements (including communication links and the components that control the unmanned aircraft) that are re-quired for the safe and efficient oper-ation of the unmanned aircraft in the airspace of the United States.

VFR over-the-top, with respect to the

operation of aircraft, means the oper-ation of an aircraft over-the-top under VFR when it is not being operated on an IFR flight plan.

Warning area. A warning area is air-

space of defined dimensions, extending from 3 nautical miles outward from the coast of the United States, that con-tains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft. The pur-pose of such warning areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential danger. A warning area may be located over domestic or international waters or both.

Weight-shift-control aircraft means a

powered aircraft with a framed piv-oting wing and a fuselage controllable only in pitch and roll by the pilot’s ability to change the aircraft’s center of gravity with respect to the wing. Flight control of the aircraft depends on the wing’s ability to flexibly deform rather than the use of control surfaces.

Winglet or tip fin means an out-of-

plane surface extending from a lifting surface. The surface may or may not have control surfaces.

[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4588, May 15, 1962]

EDITORIAL NOTE: For F EDERAL REGISTER ci-

tations affecting §1.1, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the Finding Aids section of the printed volume and at www.govinfo.gov.

E

FFECTIVE DATENOTE: At 89 FR 92483, Nov.

21, 2024, §1.1 was amended by revising the in-troductory text and the definition of ‘‘Auto-rotation’’, effective Jan. 21, 2025. For the

19 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.2

convenience of the user, the revised text is

set forth as follows:

§ 1.1 General definitions.

As used in this chapter, unless the context

requires otherwise:

* * * * *

Autorotation means a rotorcraft or pow-

ered-lift flight condition in which the lifting rotor is driven entirely by action of the air when the rotorcraft or powered-lift is in mo-tion.

* * * * *

§ 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols.

In Subchapters A through K of this

chapter:

AFM means airplane flight manual.

AGL means above ground level.

ALS means approach light system.

APU means auxiliary power unit.

ASR means airport surveillance

radar.

ATC means air traffic control.

ATS means Air Traffic Service.

CAMP means continuous airworthi-

ness maintenance program.

CAS means calibrated airspeed.

CAT II means Category II.

CMP means configuration, mainte-

nance, and procedures.

DH means decision height.

DME means distance measuring

equipment compatible with TACAN.

EAS means equivalent airspeed.

EFVS means enhanced flight vision

system.

Equi-Time Point means a point on the

route of flight where the flight time, considering wind, to each of two se-lected airports is equal.

ETOPS means extended operations.

EWIS , as defined by §25.1701 of this

chapter, means electrical wiring inter-connection system.

FAA means Federal Aviation Admin-

istration.

FFS means full flight simulator.

FM means fan marker.

FSTD means flight simulation train-

ing device.

FTD means flight training device.

GS means glide slope.

HIRL means high-intensity runway

light system.

IAS means indicated airspeed.

ICAO means International Civil Avia-

tion Organization. IFR means instrument flight rules.

IFSD means in-flight shutdown.

ILS means instrument landing sys-

tem.

IM means ILS inner marker.

INT means intersection.

LDA means localizer-type directional

aid.

LFR means low-frequency radio

range.

LMM means compass locator at mid-

dle marker.

LOC means ILS localizer.

LOM means compass locator at outer

marker.

M means mach number.

MAA means maximum authorized

IFR altitude.

MALS means medium intensity ap-

proach light system.

MALSR means medium intensity ap-

proach light system with runway align-ment indicator lights.

MCA means minimum crossing alti-

tude.

MDA means minimum descent alti-

tude.

MEA means minimum en route IFR

altitude.

MEL means minimum equipment

list.

MM means ILS middle marker.

MOCA means minimum obstruction

clearance altitude.

MRA means minimum reception alti-

tude.

MSL means mean sea level.

NDB (ADF) means nondirectional

beacon (automatic direction finder).

NM means nautical mile.

NOPAC means North Pacific area of

operation.

NOPT means no procedure turn re-

quired.

OEI means one engine inoperative.

OM means ILS outer marker.

OPSPECS means operations specifica-

tions.

PACOTS means Pacific Organized

Track System.

PAR means precision approach radar.

PMA means parts manufacturer ap-

proval.

POC means portable oxygen concen-

trator.

PTRS means Performance Tracking

and Reporting System.

RAIL means runway alignment indi-

cator light system.

20 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.2

RBN means radio beacon.

RCLM means runway centerline

marking.

RCLS means runway centerline light

system.

REIL means runway end identifica-

tion lights.

RFFS means rescue and firefighting

services.

RNAV means area navigation.

RR means low or medium frequency

radio range station.

RVR means runway visual range as

measured in the touchdown zone area.

SALS means short approach light sys-

tem.

SATCOM means satellite communica-

tions.

SSALS means simplified short ap-

proach light system.

SSALSR means simplified short ap-

proach light system with runway align-ment indicator lights.

TACAN means ultra-high frequency

tactical air navigational aid.

TAS means true airspeed.

TCAS means a traffic alert and colli-

sion avoidance system.

TDZL means touchdown zone lights.

TSO means technical standard order.

TVOR means very high frequency ter-

minal omnirange station.

V

Ameans design maneuvering

speed.

VBmeans design speed for maximum

gust intensity.

VCmeans design cruising speed.

VDmeans design diving speed.

VDF/MDFmeans demonstrated flight

diving speed.

VEFmeans the speed at which the

critical engine is assumed to fail dur-ing takeoff.

V

Fmeans design flap speed.

VFC/MFCmeans maximum speed for

stability characteristics.

VFEmeans maximum flap extended

speed.

VFTOmeans final takeoff speed.

VHmeans maximum speed in level

flight with maximum continuous power.

V

LEmeans maximum landing gear

extended speed.

VLOmeans maximum landing gear

operating speed.

VLOFmeans lift-off speed.

VMCmeans minimum control speed

with the critical engine inoperative. VMO/MMOmeans maximum operating

limit speed.

VMUmeans minimum unstick speed.

VNEmeans never-exceed speed.

VNOmeans maximum structural

cruising speed.

VRmeans rotation speed.

VREFmeans reference landing speed.

VSmeans the stalling speed or the

minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable.

V

S0means the stalling speed or the

minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.

V

S1means the stalling speed or the

minimum steady flight speed obtained in a specific configuration.

V

SRmeans reference stall speed.

VSROmeans reference stall speed in

the landing configuration.

VSR1means reference stall speed in a

specific configuration.

VSWmeans speed at which onset of

natural or artificial stall warning oc-curs.

V

TOSS means takeoff safety speed for

Category A rotorcraft.

VXmeans speed for best angle of

climb.

VYmeans speed for best rate of

climb.

V1means the maximum speed in the

takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action (e.g., apply brakes, re-duce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to stop the airplane within the accelerate- stop distance. V

1also means the min-

imum speed in the takeoff, following a failure of the critical engine at V

EF, at

which the pilot can continue the take-off and achieve the required height above the takeoff surface within the takeoff distance.

V

2means takeoff safety speed.

V2min means minimum takeoff safety

speed.

VFR means visual flight rules.

VGSI means visual glide slope indi-

cator.

VHF means very high frequency.

VOR means very high frequency om-

nirange station.

VORTAC means collocated VOR and

TACAN.

[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962]

EDITORIAL NOTE: For F EDERAL REGISTER ci-

tations affecting §1.2, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the

21 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 3.5

Finding Aids section of the printed volume

and at www.govinfo.gov.

EFFECTIVE DATENOTE: At 89 FR 92483, Nov.

21, 2024, §1.2 was amended by revising the in-troductory text, effective Jan. 21, 2025. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows:

§ 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols.

In this chapter:

* * * * *

§ 1.3 Rules of construction.

(a) In Subchapters A through K of

this chapter, unless the context re-quires otherwise:

(1) Words importing the singular in-

clude the plural;

(2) Words importing the plural in-

clude the singular; and

(3) Words importing the masculine

gender include the feminine.

(b) In Subchapters A through K of

this chapter, the word:

(1) Shall is used in an imperative

sense;

(2) May is used in a permissive sense

to state authority or permission to do the act prescribed, and the words ‘‘no person may * * *’’ or ‘‘a person may not * * *’’ mean that no person is re-quired, authorized, or permitted to do the act prescribed; and

(3) Includes means ‘‘includes but is

not limited to’’.

[Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962, as

amended by Amdt. 1–10, 31 FR 5055, Mar. 29, 1966]

E

FFECTIVE DATENOTE: At 89 FR 92483, Nov.

21, 2024, §1.3 was amended by revising para-graphs (a) introductory text and (b) intro-ductory text, effective Jan. 21, 2025. For the convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows:

§ 1.3 Rules of construction.

(a) In this chapter, unless the context re-

quires otherwise:

* * * * *

(b) In this chapter, the word: PART 3—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Subpart A—General Requirements Con-

cerning Type Certificated Products or Products, Parts, Appliances, or Mate-rials That May Be Used on Type-Certifi-cated Products

Sec.

3.1 Applicability.

3.5 Statements about products, parts, appli-

ances and materials.

Subpart B—Security Threat Disqualification

3.200 Effect of Transportation Security Ad-

ministration notification on a certificate or any part of a certificate held by an in-dividual.

3.205 Effect of Transportation Security Ad-

ministration notification on applications by individuals for a certificate or any part of a certificate.

Subpart C—Designated U.S. Agents for

Service

3.301 Applicability.

3.302 Definitions. 3.303 Designation of a U.S. agent for serv-

ice.

A

UTHORITY : 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113,

44701, 44704, 46111, and 46103.

SOURCE : 70 FR 54832, Sept. 16, 2005, unless

otherwise noted.

Subpart A—General Requirements

Concerning Type Certificated Products or Products, Parts, Appliances, or Materials That May Be Used on Type-Certifi-cated Products

§ 3.1 Applicability.

(a) This part applies to any person

who makes a record regarding:

(1) A type-certificated product, or (2) A product, part, appliance or ma-

terial that may be used on a type-cer-tificated product.

(b) Section 3.5(b) does not apply to

records made under part 43 of this chapter.

§ 3.5 Statements about products, parts,

appliances and materials.

(a) Definitions. The following terms

will have the stated meanings when used in this section: